DSSSB PGT English Female 2018 Paper-2 Shift-2

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Read the following passage and answer question. (From 1 to 10) Near the end of the 19th century, economist Thorstein Veblen came up with the Idea of conspicuous consumption. Coincidentally (or maybe not), around this time French perfumers mastered the art of selling an inexpensively-produced product as a symbol of decadent luxury. In fact, historian Eugenie Briot points out that the marketing of scents through clever branding, rather than real differences in what's being sold, originated in 19th-century France. Industrialisation transformed the perfume business in the 19th century. Steam engines allowed for mass production on a radically new scale. Between 1880, and 1905, one factory went from a 6- horsepower machine to a 500-horsepower alternative. Machine ground iris root and extracted and infused scents. Factories could now dry perfumed soaps in less than a tenth of the time if had previously taken. In the 1870s, French perfumes also quietly began swapping flowers and other organic materials out for artificial compounds. Scents created with piperonal, a synthetic chemical that happened to smell like the heliotrope flower, quickly became popular with the upper classes. But, as the cost of producing the chemical fell, " helitrope" perfumes descended the class ladder. By the late 1890s it was associated with disreputable members of the lower class. The price of other scent compounds, including vanillin and artificial musk, also dropped precipitously in these years. Some perfumers celebrated the newly widespread availability of perfumes. " One of the outstanding features of the social history of our time is the ascent of the humble classes toward well-being, a luxury, as we could say, until then reserved only to the privileged," one wrote. "Today, the humblest craftsman uses perfumed soap, which he or she can obtain at infinitesimal prices." While some perfume-makers gravitated toward a high-volume, low-price business, other developed ways to keep selling at high prices. the different perfumes were " easily interchangeable," Briot writes, so manufacturers found new ways to sell them. It helped that in the second half of the century, perfumers also achieved a new social status. some were knighted, and others were elected to public office. This fame allowed some of them to transform their names into brands. As competition heated up, Briot writes, "Capitalising on their names was among the first, and best, ways to achieve dominance." Other tactics for selling expensive perfumes to wealthy buyers included displaying them in fancy boutiques and using elaborate packaging. And in a move echoed today in "sponsored content" stories on news sites, high-end perfumers also placed ads disguised as society gossip columns in which highsociety ladies praised their product. As Briot puts it, perfumers differentiated "their produces by conferring a highly symbolic value on them." 1. What is this passage about?

A. How French perfumes become popular and came to be used by all classes of people.
B. Changes in the branding, marketing and consumption of French perfumes.
C. The branding and marketing of French perfumes.
D. The origins of the French perfume industry.

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Read the following passage and answer question. (From 1 to 10) Near the end of the 19th century, economist Thorstein Veblen came up with the Idea of conspicuous consumption. Coincidentally (or maybe not), around this time French perfumers mastered the art of selling an inexpensively-produced product as a symbol of decadent luxury. In fact, historian Eugenie Briot points out that the marketing of scents through clever branding, rather than real differences in what's being sold, originated in 19th-century France. Industrialisation transformed the perfume business in the 19th century. Steam engines allowed for mass production on a radically new scale. Between 1880, and 1905, one factory went from a 6- horsepower machine to a 500-horsepower alternative. Machine ground iris root and extracted and infused scents. Factories could now dry perfumed soaps in less than a tenth of the time if had previously taken. In the 1870s, French perfumes also quietly began swapping flowers and other organic materials out for artificial compounds. Scents created with piperonal, a synthetic chemical that happened to smell like the heliotrope flower, quickly became popular with the upper classes. But, as the cost of producing the chemical fell, " helitrope" perfumes descended the class ladder. By the late 1890s it was associated with disreputable members of the lower class. The price of other scent compounds, including vanillin and artificial musk, also dropped precipitously in these years. Some perfumers celebrated the newly widespread availability of perfumes. " One of the outstanding features of the social history of our time is the ascent of the humble classes toward well-being, a luxury, as we could say, until then reserved only to the privileged," one wrote. "Today, the humblest craftsman uses perfumed soap, which he or she can obtain at infinitesimal prices." While some perfume-makers gravitated toward a high-volume, low-price business, other developed ways to keep selling at high prices. the different perfumes were " easily interchangeable," Briot writes, so manufacturers found new ways to sell them. It helped that in the second half of the century, perfumers also achieved a new social status. some were knighted, and others were elected to public office. This fame allowed some of them to transform their names into brands. As competition heated up, Briot writes, "Capitalising on their names was among the first, and best, ways to achieve dominance." Other tactics for selling expensive perfumes to wealthy buyers included displaying them in fancy boutiques and using elaborate packaging. And in a move echoed today in "sponsored content" stories on news sites, high-end perfumers also placed ads disguised as society gossip columns in which highsociety ladies praised their product. As Briot puts it, perfumers differentiated "their produces by conferring a highly symbolic value on them." What main idea/topic is developed in the third paragraph?

A. How piperonal replaced haliotrope flowers in perfumes
B. How perfumes came to be associated with the 'vermin' of society
C. The discovery, production and popularisation of synthetic perfumes and their consequences
D. How perfumes became cheaper in all senses of the word

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Read the following passage and answer question. (From 1 to 10) Near the end of the 19th century, economist Thorstein Veblen came up with the Idea of conspicuous consumption. Coincidentally (or maybe not), around this time French perfumers mastered the art of selling an inexpensively-produced product as a symbol of decadent luxury. In fact, historian Eugenie Briot points out that the marketing of scents through clever branding, rather than real differences in what's being sold, originated in 19th-century France. Industrialisation transformed the perfume business in the 19th century. Steam engines allowed for mass production on a radically new scale. Between 1880, and 1905, one factory went from a 6- horsepower machine to a 500-horsepower alternative. Machine ground iris root and extracted and infused scents. Factories could now dry perfumed soaps in less than a tenth of the time if had previously taken. In the 1870s, French perfumes also quietly began swapping flowers and other organic materials out for artificial compounds. Scents created with piperonal, a synthetic chemical that happened to smell like the heliotrope flower, quickly became popular with the upper classes. But, as the cost of producing the chemical fell, " helitrope" perfumes descended the class ladder. By the late 1890s it was associated with disreputable members of the lower class. The price of other scent compounds, including vanillin and artificial musk, also dropped precipitously in these years. Some perfumers celebrated the newly widespread availability of perfumes. " One of the outstanding features of the social history of our time is the ascent of the humble classes toward well-being, a luxury, as we could say, until then reserved only to the privileged," one wrote. "Today, the humblest craftsman uses perfumed soap, which he or she can obtain at infinitesimal prices." While some perfume-makers gravitated toward a high-volume, low-price business, other developed ways to keep selling at high prices. the different perfumes were " easily interchangeable," Briot writes, so manufacturers found new ways to sell them. It helped that in the second half of the century, perfumers also achieved a new social status. some were knighted, and others were elected to public office. This fame allowed some of them to transform their names into brands. As competition heated up, Briot writes, "Capitalising on their names was among the first, and best, ways to achieve dominance." Other tactics for selling expensive perfumes to wealthy buyers included displaying them in fancy boutiques and using elaborate packaging. And in a move echoed today in "sponsored content" stories on news sites, high-end perfumers also placed ads disguised as society gossip columns in which highsociety ladies praised their product. As Briot puts it, perfumers differentiated "their produces by conferring a highly symbolic value on them." The sixth paragraph shows how:

A. brands moved upwards on the social-ladder when the manufactures become celebrities
B. Perfumers rose market place is a consequence of labeling of people in the wider sodicty
C. As brands become more famous and expensive, perfumers gained greater social status
D. As brands become more famous and expensive, perfumers gained greater social status

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Read the following passage and answer question. (From 1 to 10) Near the end of the 19th century, economist Thorstein Veblen came up with the Idea of conspicuous consumption. Coincidentally (or maybe not), around this time French perfumers mastered the art of selling an inexpensively-produced product as a symbol of decadent luxury. In fact, historian Eugenie Briot points out that the marketing of scents through clever branding, rather than real differences in what's being sold, originated in 19th-century France. Industrialisation transformed the perfume business in the 19th century. Steam engines allowed for mass production on a radically new scale. Between 1880, and 1905, one factory went from a 6- horsepower machine to a 500-horsepower alternative. Machine ground iris root and extracted and infused scents. Factories could now dry perfumed soaps in less than a tenth of the time if had previously taken. In the 1870s, French perfumes also quietly began swapping flowers and other organic materials out for artificial compounds. Scents created with piperonal, a synthetic chemical that happened to smell like the heliotrope flower, quickly became popular with the upper classes. But, as the cost of producing the chemical fell, " helitrope" perfumes descended the class ladder. By the late 1890s it was associated with disreputable members of the lower class. The price of other scent compounds, including vanillin and artificial musk, also dropped precipitously in these years. Some perfumers celebrated the newly widespread availability of perfumes. " One of the outstanding features of the social history of our time is the ascent of the humble classes toward well-being, a luxury, as we could say, until then reserved only to the privileged," one wrote. "Today, the humblest craftsman uses perfumed soap, which he or she can obtain at infinitesimal prices." While some perfume-makers gravitated toward a high-volume, low-price business, other developed ways to keep selling at high prices. the different perfumes were " easily interchangeable," Briot writes, so manufacturers found new ways to sell them. It helped that in the second half of the century, perfumers also achieved a new social status. some were knighted, and others were elected to public office. This fame allowed some of them to transform their names into brands. As competition heated up, Briot writes, "Capitalising on their names was among the first, and best, ways to achieve dominance." Other tactics for selling expensive perfumes to wealthy buyers included displaying them in fancy boutiques and using elaborate packaging. And in a move echoed today in "sponsored content" stories on news sites, high-end perfumers also placed ads disguised as society gossip columns in which highsociety ladies praised their product. As Briot puts it, perfumers differentiated "their produces by conferring a highly symbolic value on them." The manufacturing process of the French perfume industry and business underwent fundamental changes:

A. When the laboring-class started using perfumes
B. When chemicals replaced flowers
C. When perfumers become celebrities
D. when the industrial revolution happened

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Read the following passage and answer question. (From 1 to 10) Near the end of the 19th century, economist Thorstein Veblen came up with the Idea of conspicuous consumption. Coincidentally (or maybe not), around this time French perfumers mastered the art of selling an inexpensively-produced product as a symbol of decadent luxury. In fact, historian Eugenie Briot points out that the marketing of scents through clever branding, rather than real differences in what's being sold, originated in 19th-century France. Industrialisation transformed the perfume business in the 19th century. Steam engines allowed for mass production on a radically new scale. Between 1880, and 1905, one factory went from a 6- horsepower machine to a 500-horsepower alternative. Machine ground iris root and extracted and infused scents. Factories could now dry perfumed soaps in less than a tenth of the time if had previously taken. In the 1870s, French perfumes also quietly began swapping flowers and other organic materials out for artificial compounds. Scents created with piperonal, a synthetic chemical that happened to smell like the heliotrope flower, quickly became popular with the upper classes. But, as the cost of producing the chemical fell, " helitrope" perfumes descended the class ladder. By the late 1890s it was associated with disreputable members of the lower class. The price of other scent compounds, including vanillin and artificial musk, also dropped precipitously in these years. Some perfumers celebrated the newly widespread availability of perfumes. " One of the outstanding features of the social history of our time is the ascent of the humble classes toward well-being, a luxury, as we could say, until then reserved only to the privileged," one wrote. "Today, the humblest craftsman uses perfumed soap, which he or she can obtain at infinitesimal prices." While some perfume-makers gravitated toward a high-volume, low-price business, other developed ways to keep selling at high prices. the different perfumes were " easily interchangeable," Briot writes, so manufacturers found new ways to sell them. It helped that in the second half of the century, perfumers also achieved a new social status. some were knighted, and others were elected to public office. This fame allowed some of them to transform their names into brands. As competition heated up, Briot writes, "Capitalising on their names was among the first, and best, ways to achieve dominance." Other tactics for selling expensive perfumes to wealthy buyers included displaying them in fancy boutiques and using elaborate packaging. And in a move echoed today in "sponsored content" stories on news sites, high-end perfumers also placed ads disguised as society gossip columns in which highsociety ladies praised their product. As Briot puts it, perfumers differentiated "their produces by conferring a highly symbolic value on them." When the writer observes, ' The different perfumes were easily interchangeable,' he implies that:

A. There were no cost differences between the higher-end and the popular perfumes
B. There were no social difference between the higher-end and the popular perfumes
C. There were no price differences between the higher-end and the popular perfumes
D. There were no substantial difference between the higher-end and the popular perfumes

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Read the following passage and answer question. (From 1 to 10) Near the end of the 19th century, economist Thorstein Veblen came up with the Idea of conspicuous consumption. Coincidentally (or maybe not), around this time French perfumers mastered the art of selling an inexpensively-produced product as a symbol of decadent luxury. In fact, historian Eugenie Briot points out that the marketing of scents through clever branding, rather than real differences in what's being sold, originated in 19th-century France. Industrialisation transformed the perfume business in the 19th century. Steam engines allowed for mass production on a radically new scale. Between 1880, and 1905, one factory went from a 6- horsepower machine to a 500-horsepower alternative. Machine ground iris root and extracted and infused scents. Factories could now dry perfumed soaps in less than a tenth of the time if had previously taken. In the 1870s, French perfumes also quietly began swapping flowers and other organic materials out for artificial compounds. Scents created with piperonal, a synthetic chemical that happened to smell like the heliotrope flower, quickly became popular with the upper classes. But, as the cost of producing the chemical fell, " helitrope" perfumes descended the class ladder. By the late 1890s it was associated with disreputable members of the lower class. The price of other scent compounds, including vanillin and artificial musk, also dropped precipitously in these years. Some perfumers celebrated the newly widespread availability of perfumes. " One of the outstanding features of the social history of our time is the ascent of the humble classes toward well-being, a luxury, as we could say, until then reserved only to the privileged," one wrote. "Today, the humblest craftsman uses perfumed soap, which he or she can obtain at infinitesimal prices." While some perfume-makers gravitated toward a high-volume, low-price business, other developed ways to keep selling at high prices. the different perfumes were " easily interchangeable," Briot writes, so manufacturers found new ways to sell them. It helped that in the second half of the century, perfumers also achieved a new social status. some were knighted, and others were elected to public office. This fame allowed some of them to transform their names into brands. As competition heated up, Briot writes, "Capitalising on their names was among the first, and best, ways to achieve dominance." Other tactics for selling expensive perfumes to wealthy buyers included displaying them in fancy boutiques and using elaborate packaging. And in a move echoed today in "sponsored content" stories on news sites, high-end perfumers also placed ads disguised as society gossip columns in which highsociety ladies praised their product. As Briot puts it, perfumers differentiated "their produces by conferring a highly symbolic value on them." Which one the following statements is FALSE?

A. Perfumes were considered a decadent laxury in France
B. Laborers like bathing with perfumed soaps because they can afford them
C. Upmarket boutiques, more fantastic bottles and the swankiest packaging presented ordinary perfumes as exotic products
D. Extracting and infusing scents into soaps remained harder and expensive unlike drying soaps, due to industrialisation

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Read the following passage and answer question. (From 1 to 10) Near the end of the 19th century, economist Thorstein Veblen came up with the Idea of conspicuous consumption. Coincidentally (or maybe not), around this time French perfumers mastered the art of selling an inexpensively-produced product as a symbol of decadent luxury. In fact, historian Eugenie Briot points out that the marketing of scents through clever branding, rather than real differences in what's being sold, originated in 19th-century France. Industrialisation transformed the perfume business in the 19th century. Steam engines allowed for mass production on a radically new scale. Between 1880, and 1905, one factory went from a 6- horsepower machine to a 500-horsepower alternative. Machine ground iris root and extracted and infused scents. Factories could now dry perfumed soaps in less than a tenth of the time if had previously taken. In the 1870s, French perfumes also quietly began swapping flowers and other organic materials out for artificial compounds. Scents created with piperonal, a synthetic chemical that happened to smell like the heliotrope flower, quickly became popular with the upper classes. But, as the cost of producing the chemical fell, " helitrope" perfumes descended the class ladder. By the late 1890s it was associated with disreputable members of the lower class. The price of other scent compounds, including vanillin and artificial musk, also dropped precipitously in these years. Some perfumers celebrated the newly widespread availability of perfumes. " One of the outstanding features of the social history of our time is the ascent of the humble classes toward well-being, a luxury, as we could say, until then reserved only to the privileged," one wrote. "Today, the humblest craftsman uses perfumed soap, which he or she can obtain at infinitesimal prices." While some perfume-makers gravitated toward a high-volume, low-price business, other developed ways to keep selling at high prices. the different perfumes were " easily interchangeable," Briot writes, so manufacturers found new ways to sell them. It helped that in the second half of the century, perfumers also achieved a new social status. some were knighted, and others were elected to public office. This fame allowed some of them to transform their names into brands. As competition heated up, Briot writes, "Capitalising on their names was among the first, and best, ways to achieve dominance." Other tactics for selling expensive perfumes to wealthy buyers included displaying them in fancy boutiques and using elaborate packaging. And in a move echoed today in "sponsored content" stories on news sites, high-end perfumers also placed ads disguised as society gossip columns in which highsociety ladies praised their product. As Briot puts it, perfumers differentiated "their produces by conferring a highly symbolic value on them." Which one of the following statements is true?

A. The shift of the humble classes toward wellbeing made luxury items affordable to them
B. Society gossip columns employing highsociety ladies to praise perfumes made the poor spurn them
C. Branding and name and fame are discrete phenomena, as has been shown by the perfume industry
D. Swapping flower and other organic material out for artificial compounds led to better smelling perfumes

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Read the following passage and answer question. (From 1 to 10) Near the end of the 19th century, economist Thorstein Veblen came up with the Idea of conspicuous consumption. Coincidentally (or maybe not), around this time French perfumers mastered the art of selling an inexpensively-produced product as a symbol of decadent luxury. In fact, historian Eugenie Briot points out that the marketing of scents through clever branding, rather than real differences in what's being sold, originated in 19th-century France. Industrialisation transformed the perfume business in the 19th century. Steam engines allowed for mass production on a radically new scale. Between 1880, and 1905, one factory went from a 6- horsepower machine to a 500-horsepower alternative. Machine ground iris root and extracted and infused scents. Factories could now dry perfumed soaps in less than a tenth of the time if had previously taken. In the 1870s, French perfumes also quietly began swapping flowers and other organic materials out for artificial compounds. Scents created with piperonal, a synthetic chemical that happened to smell like the heliotrope flower, quickly became popular with the upper classes. But, as the cost of producing the chemical fell, " helitrope" perfumes descended the class ladder. By the late 1890s it was associated with disreputable members of the lower class. The price of other scent compounds, including vanillin and artificial musk, also dropped precipitously in these years. Some perfumers celebrated the newly widespread availability of perfumes. " One of the outstanding features of the social history of our time is the ascent of the humble classes toward well-being, a luxury, as we could say, until then reserved only to the privileged," one wrote. "Today, the humblest craftsman uses perfumed soap, which he or she can obtain at infinitesimal prices." While some perfume-makers gravitated toward a high-volume, low-price business, other developed ways to keep selling at high prices. the different perfumes were " easily interchangeable," Briot writes, so manufacturers found new ways to sell them. It helped that in the second half of the century, perfumers also achieved a new social status. some were knighted, and others were elected to public office. This fame allowed some of them to transform their names into brands. As competition heated up, Briot writes, "Capitalising on their names was among the first, and best, ways to achieve dominance." Other tactics for selling expensive perfumes to wealthy buyers included displaying them in fancy boutiques and using elaborate packaging. And in a move echoed today in "sponsored content" stories on news sites, high-end perfumers also placed ads disguised as society gossip columns in which highsociety ladies praised their product. As Briot puts it, perfumers differentiated "their produces by conferring a highly symbolic value on them." Which one of the following options provides an accurate interpretation of the following statement? ... as the cost of producing the chemical fell, "heliotrope" perfumes descended the class ladders.

A. ..... as the cost of producing " heliotrope" perfumes fell, it was considered a popular perfume
B. ... as the cost of producing the chemical fell, " heliotrope" perfumes naturally went downhill
C. .... the cost of producing the chemical fell, " holiotrope" perfumes were used by labourers and working - class peple
D. ... when the base chemical became cheaper, " heliotrope" perfumes became cheaper, came to be use by ordinary folk and lost its ' rich' tag

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Read the following passage and answer question. (From 1 to 10) Near the end of the 19th century, economist Thorstein Veblen came up with the Idea of conspicuous consumption. Coincidentally (or maybe not), around this time French perfumers mastered the art of selling an inexpensively-produced product as a symbol of decadent luxury. In fact, historian Eugenie Briot points out that the marketing of scents through clever branding, rather than real differences in what's being sold, originated in 19th-century France. Industrialisation transformed the perfume business in the 19th century. Steam engines allowed for mass production on a radically new scale. Between 1880, and 1905, one factory went from a 6- horsepower machine to a 500-horsepower alternative. Machine ground iris root and extracted and infused scents. Factories could now dry perfumed soaps in less than a tenth of the time if had previously taken. In the 1870s, French perfumes also quietly began swapping flowers and other organic materials out for artificial compounds. Scents created with piperonal, a synthetic chemical that happened to smell like the heliotrope flower, quickly became popular with the upper classes. But, as the cost of producing the chemical fell, " helitrope" perfumes descended the class ladder. By the late 1890s it was associated with disreputable members of the lower class. The price of other scent compounds, including vanillin and artificial musk, also dropped precipitously in these years. Some perfumers celebrated the newly widespread availability of perfumes. " One of the outstanding features of the social history of our time is the ascent of the humble classes toward well-being, a luxury, as we could say, until then reserved only to the privileged," one wrote. "Today, the humblest craftsman uses perfumed soap, which he or she can obtain at infinitesimal prices." While some perfume-makers gravitated toward a high-volume, low-price business, other developed ways to keep selling at high prices. the different perfumes were " easily interchangeable," Briot writes, so manufacturers found new ways to sell them. It helped that in the second half of the century, perfumers also achieved a new social status. some were knighted, and others were elected to public office. This fame allowed some of them to transform their names into brands. As competition heated up, Briot writes, "Capitalising on their names was among the first, and best, ways to achieve dominance." Other tactics for selling expensive perfumes to wealthy buyers included displaying them in fancy boutiques and using elaborate packaging. And in a move echoed today in "sponsored content" stories on news sites, high-end perfumers also placed ads disguised as society gossip columns in which highsociety ladies praised their product. As Briot puts it, perfumers differentiated "their produces by conferring a highly symbolic value on them." Identify the most appropriate meaning of the highlighted word in the sentence below, according to the context in which it is used in the passage:

A. Attention-grabbing
B. Understandable
C. Elegant
D. Arrogant

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Read the following passage and answer question. (From 1 to 10) Near the end of the 19th century, economist Thorstein Veblen came up with the Idea of conspicuous consumption. Coincidentally (or maybe not), around this time French perfumers mastered the art of selling an inexpensively-produced product as a symbol of decadent luxury. In fact, historian Eugenie Briot points out that the marketing of scents through clever branding, rather than real differences in what's being sold, originated in 19th-century France. Industrialisation transformed the perfume business in the 19th century. Steam engines allowed for mass production on a radically new scale. Between 1880, and 1905, one factory went from a 6- horsepower machine to a 500-horsepower alternative. Machine ground iris root and extracted and infused scents. Factories could now dry perfumed soaps in less than a tenth of the time if had previously taken. In the 1870s, French perfumes also quietly began swapping flowers and other organic materials out for artificial compounds. Scents created with piperonal, a synthetic chemical that happened to smell like the heliotrope flower, quickly became popular with the upper classes. But, as the cost of producing the chemical fell, " helitrope" perfumes descended the class ladder. By the late 1890s it was associated with disreputable members of the lower class. The price of other scent compounds, including vanillin and artificial musk, also dropped precipitously in these years. Some perfumers celebrated the newly widespread availability of perfumes. " One of the outstanding features of the social history of our time is the ascent of the humble classes toward well-being, a luxury, as we could say, until then reserved only to the privileged," one wrote. "Today, the humblest craftsman uses perfumed soap, which he or she can obtain at infinitesimal prices." While some perfume-makers gravitated toward a high-volume, low-price business, other developed ways to keep selling at high prices. the different perfumes were " easily interchangeable," Briot writes, so manufacturers found new ways to sell them. It helped that in the second half of the century, perfumers also achieved a new social status. some were knighted, and others were elected to public office. This fame allowed some of them to transform their names into brands. As competition heated up, Briot writes, "Capitalising on their names was among the first, and best, ways to achieve dominance." Other tactics for selling expensive perfumes to wealthy buyers included displaying them in fancy boutiques and using elaborate packaging. And in a move echoed today in "sponsored content" stories on news sites, high-end perfumers also placed ads disguised as society gossip columns in which highsociety ladies praised their product. As Briot puts it, perfumers differentiated "their produces by conferring a highly symbolic value on them." Identify the correct synonym of the highlighted word in the sentence given below, according to the context in which it is used in the passage: Today, the humblest craftsman uses perfumed soap, which he or she can obtain at infinitesimal prices.

A. limitless
B. negligible
C. unimportant
D. countless

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Read the following passage and answer questions.(From 11 to 20) In the early- to mid-19th century, Americans heard or ignored 'sounds' depending on their ideological predispositions, and perhaps to some extent we still do. After all, this summer many of us will head out for a week of camping in the woods or hiding out in a beachside cabin, eager for the peace and quiet of nature. But why do we think of nature as quiet, when there are squawking birds, crashing waves, and maybe a raucous thunderstorm rolling in? Environmental historian Peter A. Coates points out that what we think of as noise is as much a matter of ideology as decibels. Coates writes that city dwellers have always complained about noise, starting long before industrialisation. " Possessing the power to drive genteel folks to distraction were hammering tinsmiths, carpet-beating maids, whip-cracking, foulmouthed animal drovers, and, not least the purveyors of so-called 'rough music,"' he writes. Horse-drawn carriages made such a racket on city cobblestones that people in the 1890s actually looked forward to the horseless electric carriage as a quieter alternative. But in some times and places, it was nature that was understood as noisy while the sounds of civilised society were considered a gentle comfort. Quoting historian Mark Smith, Coates notes that European settlers in America found the noise of an axe striking a tree an "aural victory over howling wilderness" _ "howling" evoking Old Testament language suggesting both wild beasts and "equally bloodthirsty and ignoble human savages whose keynote sound was a blood-curding war whoop." To 19th-century modernists, Coates writes, " mechanical sounds and the noisy bustle of commerce bespoke prosperity" while quiet " was synonymous with indolence, backwardness, and stagnation." But romantics like Nathaniel Hawthorne heard the "long shriek" of a distant train whistle as an affront to both the natural sounds of birds and leaves and the preindustrial human sounds of the village clock or the cowbell. " It tells a story of busy men, citizens, from the hot streets," Howthorne wrote. " It brings the noisy world into the midst of our slumberous peace." In 20th century, natural quiet or, rather the absence of radios and car horns and the presence of honking geese and howling wolves--- became central to the conservation movement and the creation of natural parks. One founder of the Wilderness Society suggested in 1932 that designated wild areas would " interest the folks in the inexpensive joys of nature in lieu of the jarring jams of jazz." In contrast, "wise use" advocates of the late 20th century hoped human sounds could coexist harmoniously with nature. In 1990, future Interior Secretary Gale Norton argued for the "right to make noise"--- for example by enjoying the natural world from the seat of a snowmobile. When city-dwellers head out into nature this summer, they might just find that the quiet they seek is not external after all. 11. Identify the option that finds and states the main idea that is developed in the passage:

A. The difference between quiet and 'noise' is a matter of likes and dislikes and the perception of it has varied across centuries, people and habitats.
B. The quiet that man seeks is in him and not in the external world- that definitions of noise and its origin vary shows people have not realised it.
C. Modernists considered quiet to be a sound of laziness, while Romantics found the buzz of industries a violator of natural sounds.
D. City dwellers have always been against noise, especially the industry-produced one; the rural residents of villages may consider the sounds of animals and birds 'noise' or unwanted sound.

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Read the following passage and answer questions.(From 11 to 20) In the early- to mid-19th century, Americans heard or ignored 'sounds' depending on their ideological predispositions, and perhaps to some extent we still do. After all, this summer many of us will head out for a week of camping in the woods or hiding out in a beachside cabin, eager for the peace and quiet of nature. But why do we think of nature as quiet, when there are squawking birds, crashing waves, and maybe a raucous thunderstorm rolling in? Environmental historian Peter A. Coates points out that what we think of as noise is as much a matter of ideology as decibels. Coates writes that city dwellers have always complained about noise, starting long before industrialisation. " Possessing the power to drive genteel folks to distraction were hammering tinsmiths, carpet-beating maids, whip-cracking, foulmouthed animal drovers, and, not least the purveyors of so-called 'rough music,"' he writes. Horse-drawn carriages made such a racket on city cobblestones that people in the 1890s actually looked forward to the horseless electric carriage as a quieter alternative. But in some times and places, it was nature that was understood as noisy while the sounds of civilised society were considered a gentle comfort. Quoting historian Mark Smith, Coates notes that European settlers in America found the noise of an axe striking a tree an "aural victory over howling wilderness" _ "howling" evoking Old Testament language suggesting both wild beasts and "equally bloodthirsty and ignoble human savages whose keynote sound was a blood-curding war whoop." To 19th-century modernists, Coates writes, " mechanical sounds and the noisy bustle of commerce bespoke prosperity" while quiet " was synonymous with indolence, backwardness, and stagnation." But romantics like Nathaniel Hawthorne heard the "long shriek" of a distant train whistle as an affront to both the natural sounds of birds and leaves and the preindustrial human sounds of the village clock or the cowbell. " It tells a story of busy men, citizens, from the hot streets," Howthorne wrote. " It brings the noisy world into the midst of our slumberous peace." In 20th century, natural quiet or, rather the absence of radios and car horns and the presence of honking geese and howling wolves--- became central to the conservation movement and the creation of natural parks. One founder of the Wilderness Society suggested in 1932 that designated wild areas would " interest the folks in the inexpensive joys of nature in lieu of the jarring jams of jazz." In contrast, "wise use" advocates of the late 20th century hoped human sounds could coexist harmoniously with nature. In 1990, future Interior Secretary Gale Norton argued for the "right to make noise"--- for example by enjoying the natural world from the seat of a snowmobile. When city-dwellers head out into nature this summer, they might just find that the quiet they seek is not external after all. What can be concluded from the following sentence? When city-dwellers head out into nature this summer, they might just find that the quiet they seek is not external after all.

A. Quietude and disquietude are conditions related to one's state of mind, feelings and thoughts.
B. People go seeking for peace and quiet, lacking it in their minds and hearts.
C. Nature might help people discover the fact that quietude is in them and not outside, just as an ideology is.
D. Only city-dwellers would head out to nature as they are the ones who would aspire for and seek 'quietude'.

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Read the following passage and answer questions.(From 11 to 20) In the early- to mid-19th century, Americans heard or ignored 'sounds' depending on their ideological predispositions, and perhaps to some extent we still do. After all, this summer many of us will head out for a week of camping in the woods or hiding out in a beachside cabin, eager for the peace and quiet of nature. But why do we think of nature as quiet, when there are squawking birds, crashing waves, and maybe a raucous thunderstorm rolling in? Environmental historian Peter A. Coates points out that what we think of as noise is as much a matter of ideology as decibels. Coates writes that city dwellers have always complained about noise, starting long before industrialisation. " Possessing the power to drive genteel folks to distraction were hammering tinsmiths, carpet-beating maids, whip-cracking, foulmouthed animal drovers, and, not least the purveyors of so-called 'rough music,"' he writes. Horse-drawn carriages made such a racket on city cobblestones that people in the 1890s actually looked forward to the horseless electric carriage as a quieter alternative. But in some times and places, it was nature that was understood as noisy while the sounds of civilised society were considered a gentle comfort. Quoting historian Mark Smith, Coates notes that European settlers in America found the noise of an axe striking a tree an "aural victory over howling wilderness" _ "howling" evoking Old Testament language suggesting both wild beasts and "equally bloodthirsty and ignoble human savages whose keynote sound was a blood-curding war whoop." To 19th-century modernists, Coates writes, " mechanical sounds and the noisy bustle of commerce bespoke prosperity" while quiet " was synonymous with indolence, backwardness, and stagnation." But romantics like Nathaniel Hawthorne heard the "long shriek" of a distant train whistle as an affront to both the natural sounds of birds and leaves and the preindustrial human sounds of the village clock or the cowbell. " It tells a story of busy men, citizens, from the hot streets," Howthorne wrote. " It brings the noisy world into the midst of our slumberous peace." In 20th century, natural quiet or, rather the absence of radios and car horns and the presence of honking geese and howling wolves--- became central to the conservation movement and the creation of natural parks. One founder of the Wilderness Society suggested in 1932 that designated wild areas would " interest the folks in the inexpensive joys of nature in lieu of the jarring jams of jazz." In contrast, "wise use" advocates of the late 20th century hoped human sounds could coexist harmoniously with nature. In 1990, future Interior Secretary Gale Norton argued for the "right to make noise"--- for example by enjoying the natural world from the seat of a snowmobile. When city-dwellers head out into nature this summer, they might just find that the quiet they seek is not external after all. The fifth peragraph develops which of the following ideas?

A. Sounds of animals in nature are unobtrusive, unlike those of the cities
B. Designated wild areas and nature parks would provide the inexpensive joy of 'natural quiet'
C. Natural quiet become important to conservation movements which came into being in the 20th century
D. Natural parks provided people sick of the 'sounds of life' the opportunity of hear and enjoy the 'sounds' of animals

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Read the following passage and answer questions.(From 11 to 20) In the early- to mid-19th century, Americans heard or ignored 'sounds' depending on their ideological predispositions, and perhaps to some extent we still do. After all, this summer many of us will head out for a week of camping in the woods or hiding out in a beachside cabin, eager for the peace and quiet of nature. But why do we think of nature as quiet, when there are squawking birds, crashing waves, and maybe a raucous thunderstorm rolling in? Environmental historian Peter A. Coates points out that what we think of as noise is as much a matter of ideology as decibels. Coates writes that city dwellers have always complained about noise, starting long before industrialisation. " Possessing the power to drive genteel folks to distraction were hammering tinsmiths, carpet-beating maids, whip-cracking, foulmouthed animal drovers, and, not least the purveyors of so-called 'rough music,"' he writes. Horse-drawn carriages made such a racket on city cobblestones that people in the 1890s actually looked forward to the horseless electric carriage as a quieter alternative. But in some times and places, it was nature that was understood as noisy while the sounds of civilised society were considered a gentle comfort. Quoting historian Mark Smith, Coates notes that European settlers in America found the noise of an axe striking a tree an "aural victory over howling wilderness" _ "howling" evoking Old Testament language suggesting both wild beasts and "equally bloodthirsty and ignoble human savages whose keynote sound was a blood-curding war whoop." To 19th-century modernists, Coates writes, " mechanical sounds and the noisy bustle of commerce bespoke prosperity" while quiet " was synonymous with indolence, backwardness, and stagnation." But romantics like Nathaniel Hawthorne heard the "long shriek" of a distant train whistle as an affront to both the natural sounds of birds and leaves and the preindustrial human sounds of the village clock or the cowbell. " It tells a story of busy men, citizens, from the hot streets," Howthorne wrote. " It brings the noisy world into the midst of our slumberous peace." In 20th century, natural quiet or, rather the absence of radios and car horns and the presence of honking geese and howling wolves--- became central to the conservation movement and the creation of natural parks. One founder of the Wilderness Society suggested in 1932 that designated wild areas would " interest the folks in the inexpensive joys of nature in lieu of the jarring jams of jazz." In contrast, "wise use" advocates of the late 20th century hoped human sounds could coexist harmoniously with nature. In 1990, future Interior Secretary Gale Norton argued for the "right to make noise"--- for example by enjoying the natural world from the seat of a snowmobile. When city-dwellers head out into nature this summer, they might just find that the quiet they seek is not external after all. What did the "wise use" advocates of the late 20th century hope for?

A. The coterminous existence of industrial and natural sounds
B. That both human sounds and of nature could exist as a synced stereo
C. That human noise would upset the ecology of nature's quietude
D. That both human sounds and the quietude of nature could coalesce

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Read the following passage and answer questions.(From 11 to 20) In the early- to mid-19th century, Americans heard or ignored 'sounds' depending on their ideological predispositions, and perhaps to some extent we still do. After all, this summer many of us will head out for a week of camping in the woods or hiding out in a beachside cabin, eager for the peace and quiet of nature. But why do we think of nature as quiet, when there are squawking birds, crashing waves, and maybe a raucous thunderstorm rolling in? Environmental historian Peter A. Coates points out that what we think of as noise is as much a matter of ideology as decibels. Coates writes that city dwellers have always complained about noise, starting long before industrialisation. " Possessing the power to drive genteel folks to distraction were hammering tinsmiths, carpet-beating maids, whip-cracking, foulmouthed animal drovers, and, not least the purveyors of so-called 'rough music,"' he writes. Horse-drawn carriages made such a racket on city cobblestones that people in the 1890s actually looked forward to the horseless electric carriage as a quieter alternative. But in some times and places, it was nature that was understood as noisy while the sounds of civilised society were considered a gentle comfort. Quoting historian Mark Smith, Coates notes that European settlers in America found the noise of an axe striking a tree an "aural victory over howling wilderness" _ "howling" evoking Old Testament language suggesting both wild beasts and "equally bloodthirsty and ignoble human savages whose keynote sound was a blood-curding war whoop." To 19th-century modernists, Coates writes, " mechanical sounds and the noisy bustle of commerce bespoke prosperity" while quiet " was synonymous with indolence, backwardness, and stagnation." But romantics like Nathaniel Hawthorne heard the "long shriek" of a distant train whistle as an affront to both the natural sounds of birds and leaves and the preindustrial human sounds of the village clock or the cowbell. " It tells a story of busy men, citizens, from the hot streets," Howthorne wrote. " It brings the noisy world into the midst of our slumberous peace." In 20th century, natural quiet or, rather the absence of radios and car horns and the presence of honking geese and howling wolves--- became central to the conservation movement and the creation of natural parks. One founder of the Wilderness Society suggested in 1932 that designated wild areas would " interest the folks in the inexpensive joys of nature in lieu of the jarring jams of jazz." In contrast, "wise use" advocates of the late 20th century hoped human sounds could coexist harmoniously with nature. In 1990, future Interior Secretary Gale Norton argued for the "right to make noise"--- for example by enjoying the natural world from the seat of a snowmobile. When city-dwellers head out into nature this summer, they might just find that the quiet they seek is not external after all. Which one of the following statements is FALSE?

A. The sounds of civilised society can be more comforting than the sounds of nature
B. Definitions of noise and quietude differ both, according to perception and predisposition
C. The noise of wild nature being civilised is more welcome to everybody than the dangerous quiet of wild animals
D. That Europeam settlers in America found the noise of an axe striking a tree sweet proves attitudes to noise are a mater of ideology too

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Read the following passage and answer questions.(From 11 to 20) In the early- to mid-19th century, Americans heard or ignored 'sounds' depending on their ideological predispositions, and perhaps to some extent we still do. After all, this summer many of us will head out for a week of camping in the woods or hiding out in a beachside cabin, eager for the peace and quiet of nature. But why do we think of nature as quiet, when there are squawking birds, crashing waves, and maybe a raucous thunderstorm rolling in? Environmental historian Peter A. Coates points out that what we think of as noise is as much a matter of ideology as decibels. Coates writes that city dwellers have always complained about noise, starting long before industrialisation. " Possessing the power to drive genteel folks to distraction were hammering tinsmiths, carpet-beating maids, whip-cracking, foulmouthed animal drovers, and, not least the purveyors of so-called 'rough music,"' he writes. Horse-drawn carriages made such a racket on city cobblestones that people in the 1890s actually looked forward to the horseless electric carriage as a quieter alternative. But in some times and places, it was nature that was understood as noisy while the sounds of civilised society were considered a gentle comfort. Quoting historian Mark Smith, Coates notes that European settlers in America found the noise of an axe striking a tree an "aural victory over howling wilderness" _ "howling" evoking Old Testament language suggesting both wild beasts and "equally bloodthirsty and ignoble human savages whose keynote sound was a blood-curding war whoop." To 19th-century modernists, Coates writes, " mechanical sounds and the noisy bustle of commerce bespoke prosperity" while quiet " was synonymous with indolence, backwardness, and stagnation." But romantics like Nathaniel Hawthorne heard the "long shriek" of a distant train whistle as an affront to both the natural sounds of birds and leaves and the preindustrial human sounds of the village clock or the cowbell. " It tells a story of busy men, citizens, from the hot streets," Howthorne wrote. " It brings the noisy world into the midst of our slumberous peace." In 20th century, natural quiet or, rather the absence of radios and car horns and the presence of honking geese and howling wolves--- became central to the conservation movement and the creation of natural parks. One founder of the Wilderness Society suggested in 1932 that designated wild areas would " interest the folks in the inexpensive joys of nature in lieu of the jarring jams of jazz." In contrast, "wise use" advocates of the late 20th century hoped human sounds could coexist harmoniously with nature. In 1990, future Interior Secretary Gale Norton argued for the "right to make noise"--- for example by enjoying the natural world from the seat of a snowmobile. When city-dwellers head out into nature this summer, they might just find that the quiet they seek is not external after all. Which one of the following statements is true?

A. Ideology influences noise-perception more significantly as civilisation advances
B. Noise in not defined or seen in terms of decibels as the term is restricted to scientific use
C. Modernists are right in arguing that development is heard in industrial sounds
D. The preindustrial human sounds of the village clock or the cowbell can be irritating to the ear of a rustic dweller

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Read the following passage and answer questions.(From 11 to 20) In the early- to mid-19th century, Americans heard or ignored 'sounds' depending on their ideological predispositions, and perhaps to some extent we still do. After all, this summer many of us will head out for a week of camping in the woods or hiding out in a beachside cabin, eager for the peace and quiet of nature. But why do we think of nature as quiet, when there are squawking birds, crashing waves, and maybe a raucous thunderstorm rolling in? Environmental historian Peter A. Coates points out that what we think of as noise is as much a matter of ideology as decibels. Coates writes that city dwellers have always complained about noise, starting long before industrialisation. " Possessing the power to drive genteel folks to distraction were hammering tinsmiths, carpet-beating maids, whip-cracking, foulmouthed animal drovers, and, not least the purveyors of so-called 'rough music,"' he writes. Horse-drawn carriages made such a racket on city cobblestones that people in the 1890s actually looked forward to the horseless electric carriage as a quieter alternative. But in some times and places, it was nature that was understood as noisy while the sounds of civilised society were considered a gentle comfort. Quoting historian Mark Smith, Coates notes that European settlers in America found the noise of an axe striking a tree an "aural victory over howling wilderness" _ "howling" evoking Old Testament language suggesting both wild beasts and "equally bloodthirsty and ignoble human savages whose keynote sound was a blood-curding war whoop." To 19th-century modernists, Coates writes, " mechanical sounds and the noisy bustle of commerce bespoke prosperity" while quiet " was synonymous with indolence, backwardness, and stagnation." But romantics like Nathaniel Hawthorne heard the "long shriek" of a distant train whistle as an affront to both the natural sounds of birds and leaves and the preindustrial human sounds of the village clock or the cowbell. " It tells a story of busy men, citizens, from the hot streets," Howthorne wrote. " It brings the noisy world into the midst of our slumberous peace." In 20th century, natural quiet or, rather the absence of radios and car horns and the presence of honking geese and howling wolves--- became central to the conservation movement and the creation of natural parks. One founder of the Wilderness Society suggested in 1932 that designated wild areas would " interest the folks in the inexpensive joys of nature in lieu of the jarring jams of jazz." In contrast, "wise use" advocates of the late 20th century hoped human sounds could coexist harmoniously with nature. In 1990, future Interior Secretary Gale Norton argued for the "right to make noise"--- for example by enjoying the natural world from the seat of a snowmobile. When city-dwellers head out into nature this summer, they might just find that the quiet they seek is not external after all. According to the passage, 'noise is as much a matter of ideology as decibels'. Extending this, which one of the following options will encompass both and disturb us as noise.

A. A child crying in a public place
B. A couple quarreling in the market
C. A jet flying overhead
D. A bomb detonated in a quarry

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Read the following passage and answer questions.(From 11 to 20) In the early- to mid-19th century, Americans heard or ignored 'sounds' depending on their ideological predispositions, and perhaps to some extent we still do. After all, this summer many of us will head out for a week of camping in the woods or hiding out in a beachside cabin, eager for the peace and quiet of nature. But why do we think of nature as quiet, when there are squawking birds, crashing waves, and maybe a raucous thunderstorm rolling in? Environmental historian Peter A. Coates points out that what we think of as noise is as much a matter of ideology as decibels. Coates writes that city dwellers have always complained about noise, starting long before industrialisation. " Possessing the power to drive genteel folks to distraction were hammering tinsmiths, carpet-beating maids, whip-cracking, foulmouthed animal drovers, and, not least the purveyors of so-called 'rough music,"' he writes. Horse-drawn carriages made such a racket on city cobblestones that people in the 1890s actually looked forward to the horseless electric carriage as a quieter alternative. But in some times and places, it was nature that was understood as noisy while the sounds of civilised society were considered a gentle comfort. Quoting historian Mark Smith, Coates notes that European settlers in America found the noise of an axe striking a tree an "aural victory over howling wilderness" _ "howling" evoking Old Testament language suggesting both wild beasts and "equally bloodthirsty and ignoble human savages whose keynote sound was a blood-curding war whoop." To 19th-century modernists, Coates writes, " mechanical sounds and the noisy bustle of commerce bespoke prosperity" while quiet " was synonymous with indolence, backwardness, and stagnation." But romantics like Nathaniel Hawthorne heard the "long shriek" of a distant train whistle as an affront to both the natural sounds of birds and leaves and the preindustrial human sounds of the village clock or the cowbell. " It tells a story of busy men, citizens, from the hot streets," Howthorne wrote. " It brings the noisy world into the midst of our slumberous peace." In 20th century, natural quiet or, rather the absence of radios and car horns and the presence of honking geese and howling wolves--- became central to the conservation movement and the creation of natural parks. One founder of the Wilderness Society suggested in 1932 that designated wild areas would " interest the folks in the inexpensive joys of nature in lieu of the jarring jams of jazz." In contrast, "wise use" advocates of the late 20th century hoped human sounds could coexist harmoniously with nature. In 1990, future Interior Secretary Gale Norton argued for the "right to make noise"--- for example by enjoying the natural world from the seat of a snowmobile. When city-dwellers head out into nature this summer, they might just find that the quiet they seek is not external after all. Which one of the following options provides an accurate interpretation of the following statement? In 1990, future Interior Secretary Gale Norton argued for the "right to make noise" _____ for example by enjoying the natural world from the seat of a snowmobile.

A. This statement exemplifies the hope it is possible for human sounds to coexist with nature's sounds
B. This statement adds a new feature to the hope that it is possible for human sounds to coexist with nature's sounds
C. This statement adds a new feature to the hope that it is possible for human sounds to coexist with nature's sounds
D. This statements takes the attention away from the hope that it is possible for human sounds to coexist with nature's sounds

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Read the following passage and answer questions.(From 11 to 20) In the early- to mid-19th century, Americans heard or ignored 'sounds' depending on their ideological predispositions, and perhaps to some extent we still do. After all, this summer many of us will head out for a week of camping in the woods or hiding out in a beachside cabin, eager for the peace and quiet of nature. But why do we think of nature as quiet, when there are squawking birds, crashing waves, and maybe a raucous thunderstorm rolling in? Environmental historian Peter A. Coates points out that what we think of as noise is as much a matter of ideology as decibels. Coates writes that city dwellers have always complained about noise, starting long before industrialisation. " Possessing the power to drive genteel folks to distraction were hammering tinsmiths, carpet-beating maids, whip-cracking, foulmouthed animal drovers, and, not least the purveyors of so-called 'rough music,"' he writes. Horse-drawn carriages made such a racket on city cobblestones that people in the 1890s actually looked forward to the horseless electric carriage as a quieter alternative. But in some times and places, it was nature that was understood as noisy while the sounds of civilised society were considered a gentle comfort. Quoting historian Mark Smith, Coates notes that European settlers in America found the noise of an axe striking a tree an "aural victory over howling wilderness" _ "howling" evoking Old Testament language suggesting both wild beasts and "equally bloodthirsty and ignoble human savages whose keynote sound was a blood-curding war whoop." To 19th-century modernists, Coates writes, " mechanical sounds and the noisy bustle of commerce bespoke prosperity" while quiet " was synonymous with indolence, backwardness, and stagnation." But romantics like Nathaniel Hawthorne heard the "long shriek" of a distant train whistle as an affront to both the natural sounds of birds and leaves and the preindustrial human sounds of the village clock or the cowbell. " It tells a story of busy men, citizens, from the hot streets," Howthorne wrote. " It brings the noisy world into the midst of our slumberous peace." In 20th century, natural quiet or, rather the absence of radios and car horns and the presence of honking geese and howling wolves--- became central to the conservation movement and the creation of natural parks. One founder of the Wilderness Society suggested in 1932 that designated wild areas would " interest the folks in the inexpensive joys of nature in lieu of the jarring jams of jazz." In contrast, "wise use" advocates of the late 20th century hoped human sounds could coexist harmoniously with nature. In 1990, future Interior Secretary Gale Norton argued for the "right to make noise"--- for example by enjoying the natural world from the seat of a snowmobile. When city-dwellers head out into nature this summer, they might just find that the quiet they seek is not external after all. Identify the most appropriate meaning of the highlighted word in the sentence below, according to the context in which it is used in the passage: Hawthorne wrote, "It brings the noise world into the midst of our slumberous peace."

A. Nocturnal
B. Refreshing
C. Lethargic
D. Quiet

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Read the following passage and answer questions.(From 11 to 20) In the early- to mid-19th century, Americans heard or ignored 'sounds' depending on their ideological predispositions, and perhaps to some extent we still do. After all, this summer many of us will head out for a week of camping in the woods or hiding out in a beachside cabin, eager for the peace and quiet of nature. But why do we think of nature as quiet, when there are squawking birds, crashing waves, and maybe a raucous thunderstorm rolling in? Environmental historian Peter A. Coates points out that what we think of as noise is as much a matter of ideology as decibels. Coates writes that city dwellers have always complained about noise, starting long before industrialisation. " Possessing the power to drive genteel folks to distraction were hammering tinsmiths, carpet-beating maids, whip-cracking, foulmouthed animal drovers, and, not least the purveyors of so-called 'rough music,"' he writes. Horse-drawn carriages made such a racket on city cobblestones that people in the 1890s actually looked forward to the horseless electric carriage as a quieter alternative. But in some times and places, it was nature that was understood as noisy while the sounds of civilised society were considered a gentle comfort. Quoting historian Mark Smith, Coates notes that European settlers in America found the noise of an axe striking a tree an "aural victory over howling wilderness" _ "howling" evoking Old Testament language suggesting both wild beasts and "equally bloodthirsty and ignoble human savages whose keynote sound was a blood-curding war whoop." To 19th-century modernists, Coates writes, " mechanical sounds and the noisy bustle of commerce bespoke prosperity" while quiet " was synonymous with indolence, backwardness, and stagnation." But romantics like Nathaniel Hawthorne heard the "long shriek" of a distant train whistle as an affront to both the natural sounds of birds and leaves and the preindustrial human sounds of the village clock or the cowbell. " It tells a story of busy men, citizens, from the hot streets," Howthorne wrote. " It brings the noisy world into the midst of our slumberous peace." In 20th century, natural quiet or, rather the absence of radios and car horns and the presence of honking geese and howling wolves--- became central to the conservation movement and the creation of natural parks. One founder of the Wilderness Society suggested in 1932 that designated wild areas would " interest the folks in the inexpensive joys of nature in lieu of the jarring jams of jazz." In contrast, "wise use" advocates of the late 20th century hoped human sounds could coexist harmoniously with nature. In 1990, future Interior Secretary Gale Norton argued for the "right to make noise"--- for example by enjoying the natural world from the seat of a snowmobile. When city-dwellers head out into nature this summer, they might just find that the quiet they seek is not external after all. Identity the correct synonym of the highlighted word in the sentence given below, according to the context in which it is used in the passage: Coates notes that European settlers in America found the noise of an axe striking a tree an " aural victory over howling wilderness."

A. honking
B. brash
C. spiteful
D. wailing

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Read the following passage and answer questions. (From 21 to 30) On the popular Twitter hashtag #notalion, medieval historians and aficionados share the most un-leonine lions from the Middle Ages. One on the edge of an illuminated manuscript smiles gently, its flat face almost human; another from the 11th century seems to smirk with pride at the glory of his mane that radiates like the sun. Why do these lions look, well, not like lions? In early Christian and Romanesque sculpture, " the physiognomy of the lion gradually loses more and more of its animal aspect, and tends, though quaintly, to the human," The obvious explanation is that there weren't that many lions in medieval Europe to model for artists, and the accessible representations for copying had the same lack of realism. However, an art historian points out, there actually were a numbers of lions on the continent, imported from Africa and Asia: There are many accounts of their presence and even their breading, first at various courts and then in the cities; they were kept in Rome by the popes as early as 1100. The city of Florence had lions in the 13th century; lions were at Ghent's court in the 15th century. So, it's not impossible that first-hand accounts of lions were available to artists _ an artist made a drawing of a lion ' al vif' ['from life'] in the 13th century-though where he saw the animal is unknown. The inaccuracy of medieval lions may have been a stylistic preference, particularly in a bestiary, or compendium of beasts. Because the artists chose to illustrate the animals rather than their accompanying moralisations, they had more freedom of choice in their imagery. for example, the picture in the 12th or 13th - century Ashmole Bestiary, in which a big lion is depicted as cowering in terror at a rooster, relates this supposed cowardly attribute of the lion! Lions were also prevalent on medieval door knockers, where they were represented as stern guardians. They regularly appeared on the heraldry of European royalty, their predatory poses symbolising authority and a noble independence. There was likely some hearsay involved in the imperfect medieval lions, yet the artists were often breaking with nature to express an idea. Rather than mistakes, these #notalion specimens can be viewed as artistic decisions, albeit ones which appear delightfully strange to our modern eyes. 21. What is the passage about?

A. The popular Twitter hashtag # notalion and its sharing of medieval lions, which are abnormal, anthropoid and are strange not only to the modern eye but to the artists of that time too.
B. The portrayal of lions in medieval Europe in unreal terms is to seen as a stylistic preference and an expression of artistic freedom, and to be traced to the absence of lions then .
C. Europe had real lions during the middle ages as models for their drawing, yet artists' medieval lions are not leonine enough, but this could not be an expression of values associated with them by artists.
D. While illustration of medieval lions are strange, their oddity being not traceable to the absence of lions, and are ineffable as other representations have normal expressions, they could be expressions of artists' values.

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Read the following passage and answer questions. (From 21 to 30) On the popular Twitter hashtag #notalion, medieval historians and aficionados share the most un-leonine lions from the Middle Ages. One on the edge of an illuminated manuscript smiles gently, its flat face almost human; another from the 11th century seems to smirk with pride at the glory of his mane that radiates like the sun. Why do these lions look, well, not like lions? In early Christian and Romanesque sculpture, " the physiognomy of the lion gradually loses more and more of its animal aspect, and tends, though quaintly, to the human," The obvious explanation is that there weren't that many lions in medieval Europe to model for artists, and the accessible representations for copying had the same lack of realism. However, an art historian points out, there actually were a numbers of lions on the continent, imported from Africa and Asia: There are many accounts of their presence and even their breading, first at various courts and then in the cities; they were kept in Rome by the popes as early as 1100. The city of Florence had lions in the 13th century; lions were at Ghent's court in the 15th century. So, it's not impossible that first-hand accounts of lions were available to artists _ an artist made a drawing of a lion ' al vif' ['from life'] in the 13th century-though where he saw the animal is unknown. The inaccuracy of medieval lions may have been a stylistic preference, particularly in a bestiary, or compendium of beasts. Because the artists chose to illustrate the animals rather than their accompanying moralisations, they had more freedom of choice in their imagery. for example, the picture in the 12th or 13th - century Ashmole Bestiary, in which a big lion is depicted as cowering in terror at a rooster, relates this supposed cowardly attribute of the lion! Lions were also prevalent on medieval door knockers, where they were represented as stern guardians. They regularly appeared on the heraldry of European royalty, their predatory poses symbolising authority and a noble independence. There was likely some hearsay involved in the imperfect medieval lions, yet the artists were often breaking with nature to express an idea. Rather than mistakes, these #notalion specimens can be viewed as artistic decisions, albeit ones which appear delightfully strange to our modern eyes. What does the author imply by the following sentence from the passage? In early Christian and Romanesque sculpture, "the physiognomy of the lion gradually loses more and more of its animal aspect, and tends, though quaintly, to the human."

A. Early Christians humanised animals to nullify any remnant of pagan influences
B. Romanesque sculpture was highly imaginative and had 'Man as the measure of all'.
C. There need not be or cannot be any logical explanation for the stated fact
D. While the evidence is empirical, the reasons for such representations require conjecture and rationalisations

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Read the following passage and answer questions. (From 21 to 30) On the popular Twitter hashtag #notalion, medieval historians and aficionados share the most un-leonine lions from the Middle Ages. One on the edge of an illuminated manuscript smiles gently, its flat face almost human; another from the 11th century seems to smirk with pride at the glory of his mane that radiates like the sun. Why do these lions look, well, not like lions? In early Christian and Romanesque sculpture, " the physiognomy of the lion gradually loses more and more of its animal aspect, and tends, though quaintly, to the human," The obvious explanation is that there weren't that many lions in medieval Europe to model for artists, and the accessible representations for copying had the same lack of realism. However, an art historian points out, there actually were a numbers of lions on the continent, imported from Africa and Asia: There are many accounts of their presence and even their breading, first at various courts and then in the cities; they were kept in Rome by the popes as early as 1100. The city of Florence had lions in the 13th century; lions were at Ghent's court in the 15th century. So, it's not impossible that first-hand accounts of lions were available to artists _ an artist made a drawing of a lion ' al vif' ['from life'] in the 13th century-though where he saw the animal is unknown. The inaccuracy of medieval lions may have been a stylistic preference, particularly in a bestiary, or compendium of beasts. Because the artists chose to illustrate the animals rather than their accompanying moralisations, they had more freedom of choice in their imagery. for example, the picture in the 12th or 13th - century Ashmole Bestiary, in which a big lion is depicted as cowering in terror at a rooster, relates this supposed cowardly attribute of the lion! Lions were also prevalent on medieval door knockers, where they were represented as stern guardians. They regularly appeared on the heraldry of European royalty, their predatory poses symbolising authority and a noble independence. There was likely some hearsay involved in the imperfect medieval lions, yet the artists were often breaking with nature to express an idea. Rather than mistakes, these #notalion specimens can be viewed as artistic decisions, albeit ones which appear delightfully strange to our modern eyes. What is the first paragraph about?

A. It discusses why medieval lions are so unleonine in their representative illustrations
B. It describes a phenomenon which is problematised in the paragraph that follows
C. It defines medieval lions, where they are seen as illustrations and what is strange about them
D. It debates the qualities of medieval lions as represented in illustrations

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Read the following passage and answer questions. (From 21 to 30) On the popular Twitter hashtag #notalion, medieval historians and aficionados share the most un-leonine lions from the Middle Ages. One on the edge of an illuminated manuscript smiles gently, its flat face almost human; another from the 11th century seems to smirk with pride at the glory of his mane that radiates like the sun. Why do these lions look, well, not like lions? In early Christian and Romanesque sculpture, " the physiognomy of the lion gradually loses more and more of its animal aspect, and tends, though quaintly, to the human," The obvious explanation is that there weren't that many lions in medieval Europe to model for artists, and the accessible representations for copying had the same lack of realism. However, an art historian points out, there actually were a numbers of lions on the continent, imported from Africa and Asia: There are many accounts of their presence and even their breading, first at various courts and then in the cities; they were kept in Rome by the popes as early as 1100. The city of Florence had lions in the 13th century; lions were at Ghent's court in the 15th century. So, it's not impossible that first-hand accounts of lions were available to artists _ an artist made a drawing of a lion ' al vif' ['from life'] in the 13th century-though where he saw the animal is unknown. The inaccuracy of medieval lions may have been a stylistic preference, particularly in a bestiary, or compendium of beasts. Because the artists chose to illustrate the animals rather than their accompanying moralisations, they had more freedom of choice in their imagery. for example, the picture in the 12th or 13th - century Ashmole Bestiary, in which a big lion is depicted as cowering in terror at a rooster, relates this supposed cowardly attribute of the lion! Lions were also prevalent on medieval door knockers, where they were represented as stern guardians. They regularly appeared on the heraldry of European royalty, their predatory poses symbolising authority and a noble independence. There was likely some hearsay involved in the imperfect medieval lions, yet the artists were often breaking with nature to express an idea. Rather than mistakes, these #notalion specimens can be viewed as artistic decisions, albeit ones which appear delightfully strange to our modern eyes. When a big lion is depicted as cowering in terror at a rooster, it is done so because:

A. The artists want to show the lion as a cowardly animal
B. The artists are not required to offer any explanations
C. The artists are not concerned with verisimilitude
D. The artist is merely illustrating a quality of a creature for a compendium

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Read the following passage and answer questions. (From 21 to 30) On the popular Twitter hashtag #notalion, medieval historians and aficionados share the most un-leonine lions from the Middle Ages. One on the edge of an illuminated manuscript smiles gently, its flat face almost human; another from the 11th century seems to smirk with pride at the glory of his mane that radiates like the sun. Why do these lions look, well, not like lions? In early Christian and Romanesque sculpture, " the physiognomy of the lion gradually loses more and more of its animal aspect, and tends, though quaintly, to the human," The obvious explanation is that there weren't that many lions in medieval Europe to model for artists, and the accessible representations for copying had the same lack of realism. However, an art historian points out, there actually were a numbers of lions on the continent, imported from Africa and Asia: There are many accounts of their presence and even their breading, first at various courts and then in the cities; they were kept in Rome by the popes as early as 1100. The city of Florence had lions in the 13th century; lions were at Ghent's court in the 15th century. So, it's not impossible that first-hand accounts of lions were available to artists _ an artist made a drawing of a lion ' al vif' ['from life'] in the 13th century-though where he saw the animal is unknown. The inaccuracy of medieval lions may have been a stylistic preference, particularly in a bestiary, or compendium of beasts. Because the artists chose to illustrate the animals rather than their accompanying moralisations, they had more freedom of choice in their imagery. for example, the picture in the 12th or 13th - century Ashmole Bestiary, in which a big lion is depicted as cowering in terror at a rooster, relates this supposed cowardly attribute of the lion! Lions were also prevalent on medieval door knockers, where they were represented as stern guardians. They regularly appeared on the heraldry of European royalty, their predatory poses symbolising authority and a noble independence. There was likely some hearsay involved in the imperfect medieval lions, yet the artists were often breaking with nature to express an idea. Rather than mistakes, these #notalion specimens can be viewed as artistic decisions, albeit ones which appear delightfully strange to our modern eyes. Which one of the following statements is true?

A. To give lions human emotions and expressions was normal in medieval representations.
B. Medieval representations of creature lacked realism as symbolism was considered more important then.
C. That there is an illustration of a lion 'from life' in the middle ages makes it necessary to consider an explanation from the artist's point of view to explain humanoid lions.
D. Both, Twitter # tags and strange and funny artistic decisions are subject to scrutiny for approval.

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Read the following passage and answer questions. (From 21 to 30) On the popular Twitter hashtag #notalion, medieval historians and aficionados share the most un-leonine lions from the Middle Ages. One on the edge of an illuminated manuscript smiles gently, its flat face almost human; another from the 11th century seems to smirk with pride at the glory of his mane that radiates like the sun. Why do these lions look, well, not like lions? In early Christian and Romanesque sculpture, " the physiognomy of the lion gradually loses more and more of its animal aspect, and tends, though quaintly, to the human," The obvious explanation is that there weren't that many lions in medieval Europe to model for artists, and the accessible representations for copying had the same lack of realism. However, an art historian points out, there actually were a numbers of lions on the continent, imported from Africa and Asia: There are many accounts of their presence and even their breading, first at various courts and then in the cities; they were kept in Rome by the popes as early as 1100. The city of Florence had lions in the 13th century; lions were at Ghent's court in the 15th century. So, it's not impossible that first-hand accounts of lions were available to artists _ an artist made a drawing of a lion ' al vif' ['from life'] in the 13th century-though where he saw the animal is unknown. The inaccuracy of medieval lions may have been a stylistic preference, particularly in a bestiary, or compendium of beasts. Because the artists chose to illustrate the animals rather than their accompanying moralisations, they had more freedom of choice in their imagery. for example, the picture in the 12th or 13th - century Ashmole Bestiary, in which a big lion is depicted as cowering in terror at a rooster, relates this supposed cowardly attribute of the lion! Lions were also prevalent on medieval door knockers, where they were represented as stern guardians. They regularly appeared on the heraldry of European royalty, their predatory poses symbolising authority and a noble independence. There was likely some hearsay involved in the imperfect medieval lions, yet the artists were often breaking with nature to express an idea. Rather than mistakes, these #notalion specimens can be viewed as artistic decisions, albeit ones which appear delightfully strange to our modern eyes. Which one of the following statements is FALSE?

A. The use of lions in heraldry and knockers reveal the love of lions in medieval ages
B. Stylistic preference of artists cannot be discounted when examining medieval lions' strange exprssion
C. Lions were bred and kept in medieval rich houses perhaps as pet animals
D. The physiognomy of the lion shares many features with the physiognomy of humans

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Read the following passage and answer questions. (From 21 to 30) On the popular Twitter hashtag #notalion, medieval historians and aficionados share the most un-leonine lions from the Middle Ages. One on the edge of an illuminated manuscript smiles gently, its flat face almost human; another from the 11th century seems to smirk with pride at the glory of his mane that radiates like the sun. Why do these lions look, well, not like lions? In early Christian and Romanesque sculpture, " the physiognomy of the lion gradually loses more and more of its animal aspect, and tends, though quaintly, to the human," The obvious explanation is that there weren't that many lions in medieval Europe to model for artists, and the accessible representations for copying had the same lack of realism. However, an art historian points out, there actually were a numbers of lions on the continent, imported from Africa and Asia: There are many accounts of their presence and even their breading, first at various courts and then in the cities; they were kept in Rome by the popes as early as 1100. The city of Florence had lions in the 13th century; lions were at Ghent's court in the 15th century. So, it's not impossible that first-hand accounts of lions were available to artists _ an artist made a drawing of a lion ' al vif' ['from life'] in the 13th century-though where he saw the animal is unknown. The inaccuracy of medieval lions may have been a stylistic preference, particularly in a bestiary, or compendium of beasts. Because the artists chose to illustrate the animals rather than their accompanying moralisations, they had more freedom of choice in their imagery. for example, the picture in the 12th or 13th - century Ashmole Bestiary, in which a big lion is depicted as cowering in terror at a rooster, relates this supposed cowardly attribute of the lion! Lions were also prevalent on medieval door knockers, where they were represented as stern guardians. They regularly appeared on the heraldry of European royalty, their predatory poses symbolising authority and a noble independence. There was likely some hearsay involved in the imperfect medieval lions, yet the artists were often breaking with nature to express an idea. Rather than mistakes, these #notalion specimens can be viewed as artistic decisions, albeit ones which appear delightfully strange to our modern eyes. Which of the following inferences may be made from this sentence in the passage? " They regularly appeared on the heraldry of European royalty, their predatory poses symbolising authority and a noble independence ..."

A. Authority and nobility were associated with as predatory nature
B. Only predators could have authority and nobility
C. Authority, nobility and a soft nature go hand in hand
D. Only a stern and strong person can exude authority and nobility

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Read the following passage and answer questions. (From 21 to 30) On the popular Twitter hashtag #notalion, medieval historians and aficionados share the most un-leonine lions from the Middle Ages. One on the edge of an illuminated manuscript smiles gently, its flat face almost human; another from the 11th century seems to smirk with pride at the glory of his mane that radiates like the sun. Why do these lions look, well, not like lions? In early Christian and Romanesque sculpture, " the physiognomy of the lion gradually loses more and more of its animal aspect, and tends, though quaintly, to the human," The obvious explanation is that there weren't that many lions in medieval Europe to model for artists, and the accessible representations for copying had the same lack of realism. However, an art historian points out, there actually were a numbers of lions on the continent, imported from Africa and Asia: There are many accounts of their presence and even their breading, first at various courts and then in the cities; they were kept in Rome by the popes as early as 1100. The city of Florence had lions in the 13th century; lions were at Ghent's court in the 15th century. So, it's not impossible that first-hand accounts of lions were available to artists _ an artist made a drawing of a lion ' al vif' ['from life'] in the 13th century-though where he saw the animal is unknown. The inaccuracy of medieval lions may have been a stylistic preference, particularly in a bestiary, or compendium of beasts. Because the artists chose to illustrate the animals rather than their accompanying moralisations, they had more freedom of choice in their imagery. for example, the picture in the 12th or 13th - century Ashmole Bestiary, in which a big lion is depicted as cowering in terror at a rooster, relates this supposed cowardly attribute of the lion! Lions were also prevalent on medieval door knockers, where they were represented as stern guardians. They regularly appeared on the heraldry of European royalty, their predatory poses symbolising authority and a noble independence. There was likely some hearsay involved in the imperfect medieval lions, yet the artists were often breaking with nature to express an idea. Rather than mistakes, these #notalion specimens can be viewed as artistic decisions, albeit ones which appear delightfully strange to our modern eyes. Which of the following options provides as accurate paraphrase of the following statement? It's not impossible that first-hand accounts of lions were available to artists.

A. Firs-hand accounts of lions would have been available to artists
B. Firs-hand accounts of lions should have been available to artists
C. Firs-hand accounts of lions may not have been available to artists
D. Firs-hand accounts of lions could have been available to artists

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Read the following passage and answer questions. (From 21 to 30) On the popular Twitter hashtag #notalion, medieval historians and aficionados share the most un-leonine lions from the Middle Ages. One on the edge of an illuminated manuscript smiles gently, its flat face almost human; another from the 11th century seems to smirk with pride at the glory of his mane that radiates like the sun. Why do these lions look, well, not like lions? In early Christian and Romanesque sculpture, " the physiognomy of the lion gradually loses more and more of its animal aspect, and tends, though quaintly, to the human," The obvious explanation is that there weren't that many lions in medieval Europe to model for artists, and the accessible representations for copying had the same lack of realism. However, an art historian points out, there actually were a numbers of lions on the continent, imported from Africa and Asia: There are many accounts of their presence and even their breading, first at various courts and then in the cities; they were kept in Rome by the popes as early as 1100. The city of Florence had lions in the 13th century; lions were at Ghent's court in the 15th century. So, it's not impossible that first-hand accounts of lions were available to artists _ an artist made a drawing of a lion ' al vif' ['from life'] in the 13th century-though where he saw the animal is unknown. The inaccuracy of medieval lions may have been a stylistic preference, particularly in a bestiary, or compendium of beasts. Because the artists chose to illustrate the animals rather than their accompanying moralisations, they had more freedom of choice in their imagery. for example, the picture in the 12th or 13th - century Ashmole Bestiary, in which a big lion is depicted as cowering in terror at a rooster, relates this supposed cowardly attribute of the lion! Lions were also prevalent on medieval door knockers, where they were represented as stern guardians. They regularly appeared on the heraldry of European royalty, their predatory poses symbolising authority and a noble independence. There was likely some hearsay involved in the imperfect medieval lions, yet the artists were often breaking with nature to express an idea. Rather than mistakes, these #notalion specimens can be viewed as artistic decisions, albeit ones which appear delightfully strange to our modern eyes. Identify the most appropriate meaning of the highlighted word in the sentence below, according to the context in which it is used in the passage: Because the artists chose to illustrate the animals rather than their accompanying moralisations, they had more freedom of choice in their imagery.

A. Reformations
B. Ethics
C. Explanations
D. Sermons

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Read the following passage and answer questions. (From 21 to 30) On the popular Twitter hashtag #notalion, medieval historians and aficionados share the most un-leonine lions from the Middle Ages. One on the edge of an illuminated manuscript smiles gently, its flat face almost human; another from the 11th century seems to smirk with pride at the glory of his mane that radiates like the sun. Why do these lions look, well, not like lions? In early Christian and Romanesque sculpture, " the physiognomy of the lion gradually loses more and more of its animal aspect, and tends, though quaintly, to the human," The obvious explanation is that there weren't that many lions in medieval Europe to model for artists, and the accessible representations for copying had the same lack of realism. However, an art historian points out, there actually were a numbers of lions on the continent, imported from Africa and Asia: There are many accounts of their presence and even their breading, first at various courts and then in the cities; they were kept in Rome by the popes as early as 1100. The city of Florence had lions in the 13th century; lions were at Ghent's court in the 15th century. So, it's not impossible that first-hand accounts of lions were available to artists _ an artist made a drawing of a lion ' al vif' ['from life'] in the 13th century-though where he saw the animal is unknown. The inaccuracy of medieval lions may have been a stylistic preference, particularly in a bestiary, or compendium of beasts. Because the artists chose to illustrate the animals rather than their accompanying moralisations, they had more freedom of choice in their imagery. for example, the picture in the 12th or 13th - century Ashmole Bestiary, in which a big lion is depicted as cowering in terror at a rooster, relates this supposed cowardly attribute of the lion! Lions were also prevalent on medieval door knockers, where they were represented as stern guardians. They regularly appeared on the heraldry of European royalty, their predatory poses symbolising authority and a noble independence. There was likely some hearsay involved in the imperfect medieval lions, yet the artists were often breaking with nature to express an idea. Rather than mistakes, these #notalion specimens can be viewed as artistic decisions, albeit ones which appear delightfully strange to our modern eyes. Identify the correct synonym of the highlighted word in the sentence given below, according to the context in which it is used in the passage: Lions were also prevalent of medieval door knockers, where they were represented as stern guardians.

A. Selected
B. Portrayed
C. Replaced
D. Meant

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Read the following passage and answer questions (From 31 to 40). Readers of adventure stories such 'Treasure Island' or 'Sherlock Holmes' might remember how the seemingly harmless " black spot," a mere scrap of paper, or an envelope of just five orange pips, were a palpable source of fear for those who knew the code of the secret society who used them. Being singled out or " marked for death" in this way, rather than an obscure joke, was nothing less than a threat for those who understood the symbol. Language can encode many more nuances than just literal meanings or grammatical functions even when it comes to humble punctuation, secret languages of the register of a particular subculture. Interestingly, even in ordinary, everyday language use, the very words and expressions we use are already marked for our cultural and social biases, so much so that we're often not even aware of it. It reveals our underlying assumptions about what we may consider normal, default, regular--even positive or desirable in certain contexts. This has an impact on how we view their opposites--the abnormal, unusual, irregular, negative undesirable. Take a pair of simple antonyms such as happy/unhappy. The word "happy" is considered more of a default, normal, perhaps more desirable state in English, while "unhappy" is considered more " marked," and we know this because it's actively morphologically marked with a prefix - un. This idea, known as markedness, is a concept that is applied from linguistics to psychology, cognitive science and sociology; the concept is particularly useful for describing certain contrasts and constructs. To put it very simply, the insight into markedness is this: in a contrasting pair, you might expect an equal binary relationship, but you'll often find that the relationship is not equal, it's asymmetric. One is usually considered generic ( the unmarked) and in many cases, is a default state favored above the other (the marked) Unmarked words in English are often favored as more positive, such as in happy/sad, friendly/unfriendly, clean/unclean or dirty, even when there may be no overt morphological marking. Researchers have noted how pairs like man/woman, while considered politically or socially equal, linguistically are unequal, not just because " woman" is marked, but because " man" can still be understood as a generic for the human race while " woman" is never used in that way. It's revealing how we mark these words in common expressions that are not even politically charged at all, like "she' s four feet tall":! 31. What is this passage about?

A. It introduces and defines the concept of markedness, explains its forms, functions and semantic potential in common usage, with the help of examples
B. It shows how language is full of default assumptions and is used to indicate statue and establish power equations, markedness being one such thing
C. It describes how the use of codes creates markedness and defines and exempfies and explains how it is a linguistic phenomenon
D. It introduces and explains markedness with examples, and explains how using binary codes brings it to play across social domains

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Read the following passage and answer questions (From 31 to 40). Readers of adventure stories such 'Treasure Island' or 'Sherlock Holmes' might remember how the seemingly harmless " black spot," a mere scrap of paper, or an envelope of just five orange pips, were a palpable source of fear for those who knew the code of the secret society who used them. Being singled out or " marked for death" in this way, rather than an obscure joke, was nothing less than a threat for those who understood the symbol. Language can encode many more nuances than just literal meanings or grammatical functions even when it comes to humble punctuation, secret languages of the register of a particular subculture. Interestingly, even in ordinary, everyday language use, the very words and expressions we use are already marked for our cultural and social biases, so much so that we're often not even aware of it. It reveals our underlying assumptions about what we may consider normal, default, regular--even positive or desirable in certain contexts. This has an impact on how we view their opposites--the abnormal, unusual, irregular, negative undesirable. Take a pair of simple antonyms such as happy/unhappy. The word "happy" is considered more of a default, normal, perhaps more desirable state in English, while "unhappy" is considered more " marked," and we know this because it's actively morphologically marked with a prefix - un. This idea, known as markedness, is a concept that is applied from linguistics to psychology, cognitive science and sociology; the concept is particularly useful for describing certain contrasts and constructs. To put it very simply, the insight into markedness is this: in a contrasting pair, you might expect an equal binary relationship, but you'll often find that the relationship is not equal, it's asymmetric. One is usually considered generic ( the unmarked) and in many cases, is a default state favored above the other (the marked) Unmarked words in English are often favored as more positive, such as in happy/sad, friendly/unfriendly, clean/unclean or dirty, even when there may be no overt morphological marking. Researchers have noted how pairs like man/woman, while considered politically or socially equal, linguistically are unequal, not just because " woman" is marked, but because " man" can still be understood as a generic for the human race while " woman" is never used in that way. It's revealing how we mark these words in common expressions that are not even politically charged at all, like "she' s four feet tall":! The concept/construct of markedness is used in psychology, cognitive science and sociology. Study the examples below and identify the option in which markedness cannot be percerived:

A. Lady indicates respect; girls affection; woman could be pejorative
B. Brunch sounds officious; lunch, expansive
C. Bedouin is respectable; nomad is neutral; gypsy is pejorative
D. Tests indicate teachers and schools; examination public agenies

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Read the following passage and answer questions (From 31 to 40). Readers of adventure stories such 'Treasure Island' or 'Sherlock Holmes' might remember how the seemingly harmless " black spot," a mere scrap of paper, or an envelope of just five orange pips, were a palpable source of fear for those who knew the code of the secret society who used them. Being singled out or " marked for death" in this way, rather than an obscure joke, was nothing less than a threat for those who understood the symbol. Language can encode many more nuances than just literal meanings or grammatical functions even when it comes to humble punctuation, secret languages of the register of a particular subculture. Interestingly, even in ordinary, everyday language use, the very words and expressions we use are already marked for our cultural and social biases, so much so that we're often not even aware of it. It reveals our underlying assumptions about what we may consider normal, default, regular--even positive or desirable in certain contexts. This has an impact on how we view their opposites--the abnormal, unusual, irregular, negative undesirable. Take a pair of simple antonyms such as happy/unhappy. The word "happy" is considered more of a default, normal, perhaps more desirable state in English, while "unhappy" is considered more " marked," and we know this because it's actively morphologically marked with a prefix - un. This idea, known as markedness, is a concept that is applied from linguistics to psychology, cognitive science and sociology; the concept is particularly useful for describing certain contrasts and constructs. To put it very simply, the insight into markedness is this: in a contrasting pair, you might expect an equal binary relationship, but you'll often find that the relationship is not equal, it's asymmetric. One is usually considered generic ( the unmarked) and in many cases, is a default state favored above the other (the marked) Unmarked words in English are often favored as more positive, such as in happy/sad, friendly/unfriendly, clean/unclean or dirty, even when there may be no overt morphological marking. Researchers have noted how pairs like man/woman, while considered politically or socially equal, linguistically are unequal, not just because " woman" is marked, but because " man" can still be understood as a generic for the human race while " woman" is never used in that way. It's revealing how we mark these words in common expressions that are not even politically charged at all, like "she' s four feet tall":! The third paragraph _____.

A. shows how binaries, contrasting pairs and default values characterise markedness as a concept and construct.
B. argues that binaries, contrasting pair, and default values characterise markedness as a concept and construct
C. compares and contrasts default and marked values and the lack of symmetry that underlies markedness
D. exmplifies how markedness is used to distinguish between default assumptions and loaded meanings

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Read the following passage and answer questions (From 31 to 40). Readers of adventure stories such 'Treasure Island' or 'Sherlock Holmes' might remember how the seemingly harmless " black spot," a mere scrap of paper, or an envelope of just five orange pips, were a palpable source of fear for those who knew the code of the secret society who used them. Being singled out or " marked for death" in this way, rather than an obscure joke, was nothing less than a threat for those who understood the symbol. Language can encode many more nuances than just literal meanings or grammatical functions even when it comes to humble punctuation, secret languages of the register of a particular subculture. Interestingly, even in ordinary, everyday language use, the very words and expressions we use are already marked for our cultural and social biases, so much so that we're often not even aware of it. It reveals our underlying assumptions about what we may consider normal, default, regular--even positive or desirable in certain contexts. This has an impact on how we view their opposites--the abnormal, unusual, irregular, negative undesirable. Take a pair of simple antonyms such as happy/unhappy. The word "happy" is considered more of a default, normal, perhaps more desirable state in English, while "unhappy" is considered more " marked," and we know this because it's actively morphologically marked with a prefix - un. This idea, known as markedness, is a concept that is applied from linguistics to psychology, cognitive science and sociology; the concept is particularly useful for describing certain contrasts and constructs. To put it very simply, the insight into markedness is this: in a contrasting pair, you might expect an equal binary relationship, but you'll often find that the relationship is not equal, it's asymmetric. One is usually considered generic ( the unmarked) and in many cases, is a default state favored above the other (the marked) Unmarked words in English are often favored as more positive, such as in happy/sad, friendly/unfriendly, clean/unclean or dirty, even when there may be no overt morphological marking. Researchers have noted how pairs like man/woman, while considered politically or socially equal, linguistically are unequal, not just because " woman" is marked, but because " man" can still be understood as a generic for the human race while " woman" is never used in that way. It's revealing how we mark these words in common expressions that are not even politically charged at all, like "she' s four feet tall":! Identify the options that is FALSE and makes s wrong claim. Familiarity with markedness helps us understand _____.

A. The binaries that operate in languages
B. The default values that words carry
C. How to load special meaning on words
D. The codification of language- systems

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Read the following passage and answer questions (From 31 to 40). Readers of adventure stories such 'Treasure Island' or 'Sherlock Holmes' might remember how the seemingly harmless " black spot," a mere scrap of paper, or an envelope of just five orange pips, were a palpable source of fear for those who knew the code of the secret society who used them. Being singled out or " marked for death" in this way, rather than an obscure joke, was nothing less than a threat for those who understood the symbol. Language can encode many more nuances than just literal meanings or grammatical functions even when it comes to humble punctuation, secret languages of the register of a particular subculture. Interestingly, even in ordinary, everyday language use, the very words and expressions we use are already marked for our cultural and social biases, so much so that we're often not even aware of it. It reveals our underlying assumptions about what we may consider normal, default, regular--even positive or desirable in certain contexts. This has an impact on how we view their opposites--the abnormal, unusual, irregular, negative undesirable. Take a pair of simple antonyms such as happy/unhappy. The word "happy" is considered more of a default, normal, perhaps more desirable state in English, while "unhappy" is considered more " marked," and we know this because it's actively morphologically marked with a prefix - un. This idea, known as markedness, is a concept that is applied from linguistics to psychology, cognitive science and sociology; the concept is particularly useful for describing certain contrasts and constructs. To put it very simply, the insight into markedness is this: in a contrasting pair, you might expect an equal binary relationship, but you'll often find that the relationship is not equal, it's asymmetric. One is usually considered generic ( the unmarked) and in many cases, is a default state favored above the other (the marked) Unmarked words in English are often favored as more positive, such as in happy/sad, friendly/unfriendly, clean/unclean or dirty, even when there may be no overt morphological marking. Researchers have noted how pairs like man/woman, while considered politically or socially equal, linguistically are unequal, not just because " woman" is marked, but because " man" can still be understood as a generic for the human race while " woman" is never used in that way. It's revealing how we mark these words in common expressions that are not even politically charged at all, like "she' s four feet tall":! Which one of the following statements is FALSE?

A. 'She is four feet short' is an ambiguous statement
B. 'Sheep' and 'Goat' are as marked pair in what they connote
C. Markedness refers to how we process the differences inherent in a word in our mind
D. Cognitive Psychology does not recognise markedness

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Read the following passage and answer questions (From 31 to 40). Readers of adventure stories such 'Treasure Island' or 'Sherlock Holmes' might remember how the seemingly harmless " black spot," a mere scrap of paper, or an envelope of just five orange pips, were a palpable source of fear for those who knew the code of the secret society who used them. Being singled out or " marked for death" in this way, rather than an obscure joke, was nothing less than a threat for those who understood the symbol. Language can encode many more nuances than just literal meanings or grammatical functions even when it comes to humble punctuation, secret languages of the register of a particular subculture. Interestingly, even in ordinary, everyday language use, the very words and expressions we use are already marked for our cultural and social biases, so much so that we're often not even aware of it. It reveals our underlying assumptions about what we may consider normal, default, regular--even positive or desirable in certain contexts. This has an impact on how we view their opposites--the abnormal, unusual, irregular, negative undesirable. Take a pair of simple antonyms such as happy/unhappy. The word "happy" is considered more of a default, normal, perhaps more desirable state in English, while "unhappy" is considered more " marked," and we know this because it's actively morphologically marked with a prefix - un. This idea, known as markedness, is a concept that is applied from linguistics to psychology, cognitive science and sociology; the concept is particularly useful for describing certain contrasts and constructs. To put it very simply, the insight into markedness is this: in a contrasting pair, you might expect an equal binary relationship, but you'll often find that the relationship is not equal, it's asymmetric. One is usually considered generic ( the unmarked) and in many cases, is a default state favored above the other (the marked) Unmarked words in English are often favored as more positive, such as in happy/sad, friendly/unfriendly, clean/unclean or dirty, even when there may be no overt morphological marking. Researchers have noted how pairs like man/woman, while considered politically or socially equal, linguistically are unequal, not just because " woman" is marked, but because " man" can still be understood as a generic for the human race while " woman" is never used in that way. It's revealing how we mark these words in common expressions that are not even politically charged at all, like "she' s four feet tall":! Which one of the following statements is FALSE?

A. Codes have to be symbolic in nature if they have to communicate information
B. Markedness questions the very existence of antonyms in a language
C. The pair 'witch/wizard' reveals social and cultural bias - pejorative versus admiration
D. Defining and non-defining relative the presence of absence of commas, are an exmple of markedness grammer

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Read the following passage and answer questions (From 31 to 40). Readers of adventure stories such 'Treasure Island' or 'Sherlock Holmes' might remember how the seemingly harmless " black spot," a mere scrap of paper, or an envelope of just five orange pips, were a palpable source of fear for those who knew the code of the secret society who used them. Being singled out or " marked for death" in this way, rather than an obscure joke, was nothing less than a threat for those who understood the symbol. Language can encode many more nuances than just literal meanings or grammatical functions even when it comes to humble punctuation, secret languages of the register of a particular subculture. Interestingly, even in ordinary, everyday language use, the very words and expressions we use are already marked for our cultural and social biases, so much so that we're often not even aware of it. It reveals our underlying assumptions about what we may consider normal, default, regular--even positive or desirable in certain contexts. This has an impact on how we view their opposites--the abnormal, unusual, irregular, negative undesirable. Take a pair of simple antonyms such as happy/unhappy. The word "happy" is considered more of a default, normal, perhaps more desirable state in English, while "unhappy" is considered more " marked," and we know this because it's actively morphologically marked with a prefix - un. This idea, known as markedness, is a concept that is applied from linguistics to psychology, cognitive science and sociology; the concept is particularly useful for describing certain contrasts and constructs. To put it very simply, the insight into markedness is this: in a contrasting pair, you might expect an equal binary relationship, but you'll often find that the relationship is not equal, it's asymmetric. One is usually considered generic ( the unmarked) and in many cases, is a default state favored above the other (the marked) Unmarked words in English are often favored as more positive, such as in happy/sad, friendly/unfriendly, clean/unclean or dirty, even when there may be no overt morphological marking. Researchers have noted how pairs like man/woman, while considered politically or socially equal, linguistically are unequal, not just because " woman" is marked, but because " man" can still be understood as a generic for the human race while " woman" is never used in that way. It's revealing how we mark these words in common expressions that are not even politically charged at all, like "she' s four feet tall":! Identify the option that completes the statement INAPTLY/UNACCEPTABLY: When we linguistically mark something ____.

A. We are essentially qualifying it as a " specialised" form
B. We are trying to establish the norm and the atypical
C. We are not sure of the " generic" form
D. We have assumptions about ' default' and 'exception'

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Read the following passage and answer questions (From 31 to 40). Readers of adventure stories such 'Treasure Island' or 'Sherlock Holmes' might remember how the seemingly harmless " black spot," a mere scrap of paper, or an envelope of just five orange pips, were a palpable source of fear for those who knew the code of the secret society who used them. Being singled out or " marked for death" in this way, rather than an obscure joke, was nothing less than a threat for those who understood the symbol. Language can encode many more nuances than just literal meanings or grammatical functions even when it comes to humble punctuation, secret languages of the register of a particular subculture. Interestingly, even in ordinary, everyday language use, the very words and expressions we use are already marked for our cultural and social biases, so much so that we're often not even aware of it. It reveals our underlying assumptions about what we may consider normal, default, regular--even positive or desirable in certain contexts. This has an impact on how we view their opposites--the abnormal, unusual, irregular, negative undesirable. Take a pair of simple antonyms such as happy/unhappy. The word "happy" is considered more of a default, normal, perhaps more desirable state in English, while "unhappy" is considered more " marked," and we know this because it's actively morphologically marked with a prefix - un. This idea, known as markedness, is a concept that is applied from linguistics to psychology, cognitive science and sociology; the concept is particularly useful for describing certain contrasts and constructs. To put it very simply, the insight into markedness is this: in a contrasting pair, you might expect an equal binary relationship, but you'll often find that the relationship is not equal, it's asymmetric. One is usually considered generic ( the unmarked) and in many cases, is a default state favored above the other (the marked) Unmarked words in English are often favored as more positive, such as in happy/sad, friendly/unfriendly, clean/unclean or dirty, even when there may be no overt morphological marking. Researchers have noted how pairs like man/woman, while considered politically or socially equal, linguistically are unequal, not just because " woman" is marked, but because " man" can still be understood as a generic for the human race while " woman" is never used in that way. It's revealing how we mark these words in common expressions that are not even politically charged at all, like "she' s four feet tall":! Which one of the following options provide an accurate interpretation of the following statement? Readers of adventure stories such 'Treasure Island' or 'Sherlock Holmes' might remember how the seemingly harmless " black spot," a mere scrap of paper, or an envelope of just five orange pips were a palpable source of fear for those who knew the code of the secret society who used them.

A. Secret societies in fiction used to convey threats in a code, shared among the members of the society only
B. Secret societies, such as the mafia, convey threats only in an unfamiliar code, shared among the members of the society only
C. The use of codes and secret signals were restricted to secret societies
D. Language is code; codes are reduced languages, initially described in popular fiction

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Read the following passage and answer questions (From 31 to 40). Readers of adventure stories such 'Treasure Island' or 'Sherlock Holmes' might remember how the seemingly harmless " black spot," a mere scrap of paper, or an envelope of just five orange pips, were a palpable source of fear for those who knew the code of the secret society who used them. Being singled out or " marked for death" in this way, rather than an obscure joke, was nothing less than a threat for those who understood the symbol. Language can encode many more nuances than just literal meanings or grammatical functions even when it comes to humble punctuation, secret languages of the register of a particular subculture. Interestingly, even in ordinary, everyday language use, the very words and expressions we use are already marked for our cultural and social biases, so much so that we're often not even aware of it. It reveals our underlying assumptions about what we may consider normal, default, regular--even positive or desirable in certain contexts. This has an impact on how we view their opposites--the abnormal, unusual, irregular, negative undesirable. Take a pair of simple antonyms such as happy/unhappy. The word "happy" is considered more of a default, normal, perhaps more desirable state in English, while "unhappy" is considered more " marked," and we know this because it's actively morphologically marked with a prefix - un. This idea, known as markedness, is a concept that is applied from linguistics to psychology, cognitive science and sociology; the concept is particularly useful for describing certain contrasts and constructs. To put it very simply, the insight into markedness is this: in a contrasting pair, you might expect an equal binary relationship, but you'll often find that the relationship is not equal, it's asymmetric. One is usually considered generic ( the unmarked) and in many cases, is a default state favored above the other (the marked) Unmarked words in English are often favored as more positive, such as in happy/sad, friendly/unfriendly, clean/unclean or dirty, even when there may be no overt morphological marking. Researchers have noted how pairs like man/woman, while considered politically or socially equal, linguistically are unequal, not just because " woman" is marked, but because " man" can still be understood as a generic for the human race while " woman" is never used in that way. It's revealing how we mark these words in common expressions that are not even politically charged at all, like "she' s four feet tall":! identify the most approprite meaning of the highlighted word in the sentence below, according to the context in which it is used in the passage: It's revealing how we mark these world in common expressions that are not even politically charged at all, like " she's four feet tall"!

A. Exposing
B. Divulging
C. Telling
D. Uncovering

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Read the following passage and answer questions (From 31 to 40). Readers of adventure stories such 'Treasure Island' or 'Sherlock Holmes' might remember how the seemingly harmless " black spot," a mere scrap of paper, or an envelope of just five orange pips, were a palpable source of fear for those who knew the code of the secret society who used them. Being singled out or " marked for death" in this way, rather than an obscure joke, was nothing less than a threat for those who understood the symbol. Language can encode many more nuances than just literal meanings or grammatical functions even when it comes to humble punctuation, secret languages of the register of a particular subculture. Interestingly, even in ordinary, everyday language use, the very words and expressions we use are already marked for our cultural and social biases, so much so that we're often not even aware of it. It reveals our underlying assumptions about what we may consider normal, default, regular--even positive or desirable in certain contexts. This has an impact on how we view their opposites--the abnormal, unusual, irregular, negative undesirable. Take a pair of simple antonyms such as happy/unhappy. The word "happy" is considered more of a default, normal, perhaps more desirable state in English, while "unhappy" is considered more " marked," and we know this because it's actively morphologically marked with a prefix - un. This idea, known as markedness, is a concept that is applied from linguistics to psychology, cognitive science and sociology; the concept is particularly useful for describing certain contrasts and constructs. To put it very simply, the insight into markedness is this: in a contrasting pair, you might expect an equal binary relationship, but you'll often find that the relationship is not equal, it's asymmetric. One is usually considered generic ( the unmarked) and in many cases, is a default state favored above the other (the marked) Unmarked words in English are often favored as more positive, such as in happy/sad, friendly/unfriendly, clean/unclean or dirty, even when there may be no overt morphological marking. Researchers have noted how pairs like man/woman, while considered politically or socially equal, linguistically are unequal, not just because " woman" is marked, but because " man" can still be understood as a generic for the human race while " woman" is never used in that way. It's revealing how we mark these words in common expressions that are not even politically charged at all, like "she' s four feet tall":! identify the most approprite meaning of the highlighted word in the sentence below, according to the context in which it is used in the passage: Language can encode many more nuances that just literal meanings.

A. Shades
B. Qualities
C. Points
D. Traces

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Read the passage given below and answer questions. (From 41 to 50) Nationalism and national identity are not just ideological constructs. Rather, they are created and enforced through a bureaucracy that produces censuses, surveys and identity documents. This bureaucracy and its technologies of surveillance (photography, fingerprinting, statistics) are very recent, but they have become an indelible part of our lives. Holding a passport is a sign o citizenship of legal residency recognised by any other sovereign state in the world. But even before modern states could attempt to control the movement of their populations, people weren't free to move around as they pleased. For most of history, large segments of the population, including serfs, slaves, and indentured servants required privately created passes or papers to legitimate their movement. But as the global economy expanded. and New World frontiers and early industrial factories developed an insatiable demand for labor, these private controls fell away. The European empires of the late 19th century imposed new rights, responsibilities, and identities on their citizens through education, conscription, and taxation. The prevailing liberalism, the vagueness of nationality in an taxation. The prevailing liberalism, the vagueness of nationality in an imperial context, and the limits of surveillance meant millions upon millions were able to move to settler colonies in the Americas, South Africa and Oceania---with often the notable exclusion of Asians. This diplomatic - surveillance regime changes after WWI. Nation-states claiming to represent exclusive nationalities replaced empires. The rise of communist parties in Russia and elsewhere in Europe gave rise to suspicion of foreign agents. Moreover, the demand for labor was easing. National working classes constituted political interest groups that protested the labor competition of new immigrant classes. With the hardening of borders security and immigration quotas between these new nation states, and the spread of cheap photography, passports became both standardised, mandatory travel documents and ritual tools reinforcing national identity. Indeed, holders of passports from more powerful nations enjoy privileges abroad that others do not. Meanwhile, many of the fragments of empires that failed to form nation states, or unwanted minority groups, have at times been made " stateless" populations. These groups have ranged from Russian expatriates after the Bolshevik Revolution, to European Jews during the Holocaust and Palestinian refugees after the creation of Israel. Lacking a passport in a worldwide systems of nation states is the ultimate negation of agency. But national identity doesn't even mean all that it used to. Much of the new nationalism expressed as xenophobia and racism is rooted in nostalgia, accurate or not, for a time when national membership meant certain shared experiences and rights bridging social classes. The march of de-industrialisation, the decline of welfare services and the widening of income inequality mean that the global elite are everywhere carving out private zones of privilege guarded by fences and private security. The value of a passport as diplomatic currency is losing ground to another currency ---- the almighty dollar. 41. Identify the option that sums up the ideas and views expressed in the passage correctly and fully:

A. Passports reify national identities; they helped surveil people and their movements but now control their migration and travel; they can be used to offer or deny exclusive privileges of citizenships which themselves can now be bought
B. A passport means you are the citizen of a world, like passes and permits, it enables the state to check monitor your movement. Passports have become common and are obligatory tokens of identity
C. Tracing the origins of passports and understanding the changes geopolitics experienced would show that passports offer privileges which become noticeable only when one is denied a passport
D. Empires and nations of the world have always kept an eye on the movements of their people - the Indian toll-gates prove that. A passport helps them do this systematically.

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Read the passage given below and answer questions. (From 41 to 50) Nationalism and national identity are not just ideological constructs. Rather, they are created and enforced through a bureaucracy that produces censuses, surveys and identity documents. This bureaucracy and its technologies of surveillance (photography, fingerprinting, statistics) are very recent, but they have become an indelible part of our lives. Holding a passport is a sign o citizenship of legal residency recognised by any other sovereign state in the world. But even before modern states could attempt to control the movement of their populations, people weren't free to move around as they pleased. For most of history, large segments of the population, including serfs, slaves, and indentured servants required privately created passes or papers to legitimate their movement. But as the global economy expanded. and New World frontiers and early industrial factories developed an insatiable demand for labor, these private controls fell away. The European empires of the late 19th century imposed new rights, responsibilities, and identities on their citizens through education, conscription, and taxation. The prevailing liberalism, the vagueness of nationality in an taxation. The prevailing liberalism, the vagueness of nationality in an imperial context, and the limits of surveillance meant millions upon millions were able to move to settler colonies in the Americas, South Africa and Oceania---with often the notable exclusion of Asians. This diplomatic - surveillance regime changes after WWI. Nation-states claiming to represent exclusive nationalities replaced empires. The rise of communist parties in Russia and elsewhere in Europe gave rise to suspicion of foreign agents. Moreover, the demand for labor was easing. National working classes constituted political interest groups that protested the labor competition of new immigrant classes. With the hardening of borders security and immigration quotas between these new nation states, and the spread of cheap photography, passports became both standardised, mandatory travel documents and ritual tools reinforcing national identity. Indeed, holders of passports from more powerful nations enjoy privileges abroad that others do not. Meanwhile, many of the fragments of empires that failed to form nation states, or unwanted minority groups, have at times been made " stateless" populations. These groups have ranged from Russian expatriates after the Bolshevik Revolution, to European Jews during the Holocaust and Palestinian refugees after the creation of Israel. Lacking a passport in a worldwide systems of nation states is the ultimate negation of agency. But national identity doesn't even mean all that it used to. Much of the new nationalism expressed as xenophobia and racism is rooted in nostalgia, accurate or not, for a time when national membership meant certain shared experiences and rights bridging social classes. The march of de-industrialisation, the decline of welfare services and the widening of income inequality mean that the global elite are everywhere carving out private zones of privilege guarded by fences and private security. The value of a passport as diplomatic currency is losing ground to another currency ---- the almighty dollar. Identify the main idea discussed in the fourth paragraph.

A. There is class division in passports themselves - a Bangladeshi passport and a Swedish one are not 'equal' in their diplomatic reach and influence
B. Passport opens many a door and provides many an opportunity; lack of a passport closes all such doors and deny one all opportunities
C. Passport and national Identities are intertwined, so the absence of one will mean the absence of the other
D. In the present world, passports are mandatory, and they help establish national identity; ' stateless' and 'powerless' human being can be empowered with a passport

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Read the passage given below and answer questions. (From 41 to 50) Nationalism and national identity are not just ideological constructs. Rather, they are created and enforced through a bureaucracy that produces censuses, surveys and identity documents. This bureaucracy and its technologies of surveillance (photography, fingerprinting, statistics) are very recent, but they have become an indelible part of our lives. Holding a passport is a sign o citizenship of legal residency recognised by any other sovereign state in the world. But even before modern states could attempt to control the movement of their populations, people weren't free to move around as they pleased. For most of history, large segments of the population, including serfs, slaves, and indentured servants required privately created passes or papers to legitimate their movement. But as the global economy expanded. and New World frontiers and early industrial factories developed an insatiable demand for labor, these private controls fell away. The European empires of the late 19th century imposed new rights, responsibilities, and identities on their citizens through education, conscription, and taxation. The prevailing liberalism, the vagueness of nationality in an taxation. The prevailing liberalism, the vagueness of nationality in an imperial context, and the limits of surveillance meant millions upon millions were able to move to settler colonies in the Americas, South Africa and Oceania---with often the notable exclusion of Asians. This diplomatic - surveillance regime changes after WWI. Nation-states claiming to represent exclusive nationalities replaced empires. The rise of communist parties in Russia and elsewhere in Europe gave rise to suspicion of foreign agents. Moreover, the demand for labor was easing. National working classes constituted political interest groups that protested the labor competition of new immigrant classes. With the hardening of borders security and immigration quotas between these new nation states, and the spread of cheap photography, passports became both standardised, mandatory travel documents and ritual tools reinforcing national identity. Indeed, holders of passports from more powerful nations enjoy privileges abroad that others do not. Meanwhile, many of the fragments of empires that failed to form nation states, or unwanted minority groups, have at times been made " stateless" populations. These groups have ranged from Russian expatriates after the Bolshevik Revolution, to European Jews during the Holocaust and Palestinian refugees after the creation of Israel. Lacking a passport in a worldwide systems of nation states is the ultimate negation of agency. But national identity doesn't even mean all that it used to. Much of the new nationalism expressed as xenophobia and racism is rooted in nostalgia, accurate or not, for a time when national membership meant certain shared experiences and rights bridging social classes. The march of de-industrialisation, the decline of welfare services and the widening of income inequality mean that the global elite are everywhere carving out private zones of privilege guarded by fences and private security. The value of a passport as diplomatic currency is losing ground to another currency ---- the almighty dollar. Nationalism and national identity are not just ideological constructs but ______.

A. Are problematic conceptions as the engender racism and xenophobia
B. Have become practical issues/considerations in the world of passports
C. Are manifested practically as documents developed by bureaucrats to create and maintain national identities
D. Are a way of conducting everyday life in the modern world by contemporary man

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Read the passage given below and answer questions. (From 41 to 50) Nationalism and national identity are not just ideological constructs. Rather, they are created and enforced through a bureaucracy that produces censuses, surveys and identity documents. This bureaucracy and its technologies of surveillance (photography, fingerprinting, statistics) are very recent, but they have become an indelible part of our lives. Holding a passport is a sign o citizenship of legal residency recognised by any other sovereign state in the world. But even before modern states could attempt to control the movement of their populations, people weren't free to move around as they pleased. For most of history, large segments of the population, including serfs, slaves, and indentured servants required privately created passes or papers to legitimate their movement. But as the global economy expanded. and New World frontiers and early industrial factories developed an insatiable demand for labor, these private controls fell away. The European empires of the late 19th century imposed new rights, responsibilities, and identities on their citizens through education, conscription, and taxation. The prevailing liberalism, the vagueness of nationality in an taxation. The prevailing liberalism, the vagueness of nationality in an imperial context, and the limits of surveillance meant millions upon millions were able to move to settler colonies in the Americas, South Africa and Oceania---with often the notable exclusion of Asians. This diplomatic - surveillance regime changes after WWI. Nation-states claiming to represent exclusive nationalities replaced empires. The rise of communist parties in Russia and elsewhere in Europe gave rise to suspicion of foreign agents. Moreover, the demand for labor was easing. National working classes constituted political interest groups that protested the labor competition of new immigrant classes. With the hardening of borders security and immigration quotas between these new nation states, and the spread of cheap photography, passports became both standardised, mandatory travel documents and ritual tools reinforcing national identity. Indeed, holders of passports from more powerful nations enjoy privileges abroad that others do not. Meanwhile, many of the fragments of empires that failed to form nation states, or unwanted minority groups, have at times been made " stateless" populations. These groups have ranged from Russian expatriates after the Bolshevik Revolution, to European Jews during the Holocaust and Palestinian refugees after the creation of Israel. Lacking a passport in a worldwide systems of nation states is the ultimate negation of agency. But national identity doesn't even mean all that it used to. Much of the new nationalism expressed as xenophobia and racism is rooted in nostalgia, accurate or not, for a time when national membership meant certain shared experiences and rights bridging social classes. The march of de-industrialisation, the decline of welfare services and the widening of income inequality mean that the global elite are everywhere carving out private zones of privilege guarded by fences and private security. The value of a passport as diplomatic currency is losing ground to another currency ---- the almighty dollar. The vagueness of nationality in an imperial context _____.

A. was caused by the absence of passports
B. did not affect the people of Asia
C. Resulted in the collapse of empires
D. enabled migration and the advent of new colonies

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Read the passage given below and answer questions. (From 41 to 50) Nationalism and national identity are not just ideological constructs. Rather, they are created and enforced through a bureaucracy that produces censuses, surveys and identity documents. This bureaucracy and its technologies of surveillance (photography, fingerprinting, statistics) are very recent, but they have become an indelible part of our lives. Holding a passport is a sign o citizenship of legal residency recognised by any other sovereign state in the world. But even before modern states could attempt to control the movement of their populations, people weren't free to move around as they pleased. For most of history, large segments of the population, including serfs, slaves, and indentured servants required privately created passes or papers to legitimate their movement. But as the global economy expanded. and New World frontiers and early industrial factories developed an insatiable demand for labor, these private controls fell away. The European empires of the late 19th century imposed new rights, responsibilities, and identities on their citizens through education, conscription, and taxation. The prevailing liberalism, the vagueness of nationality in an taxation. The prevailing liberalism, the vagueness of nationality in an imperial context, and the limits of surveillance meant millions upon millions were able to move to settler colonies in the Americas, South Africa and Oceania---with often the notable exclusion of Asians. This diplomatic - surveillance regime changes after WWI. Nation-states claiming to represent exclusive nationalities replaced empires. The rise of communist parties in Russia and elsewhere in Europe gave rise to suspicion of foreign agents. Moreover, the demand for labor was easing. National working classes constituted political interest groups that protested the labor competition of new immigrant classes. With the hardening of borders security and immigration quotas between these new nation states, and the spread of cheap photography, passports became both standardised, mandatory travel documents and ritual tools reinforcing national identity. Indeed, holders of passports from more powerful nations enjoy privileges abroad that others do not. Meanwhile, many of the fragments of empires that failed to form nation states, or unwanted minority groups, have at times been made " stateless" populations. These groups have ranged from Russian expatriates after the Bolshevik Revolution, to European Jews during the Holocaust and Palestinian refugees after the creation of Israel. Lacking a passport in a worldwide systems of nation states is the ultimate negation of agency. But national identity doesn't even mean all that it used to. Much of the new nationalism expressed as xenophobia and racism is rooted in nostalgia, accurate or not, for a time when national membership meant certain shared experiences and rights bridging social classes. The march of de-industrialisation, the decline of welfare services and the widening of income inequality mean that the global elite are everywhere carving out private zones of privilege guarded by fences and private security. The value of a passport as diplomatic currency is losing ground to another currency ---- the almighty dollar. Which of the following statements is true according of the passage?

A. Privileges and rights are conferred by nations only to passport holders
B. Dollars cannot replace passports even though they have greater purchasing power
C. Photography, fingerprinting and statistics were brought into passports by bureaucrats.
D. Immigration quotas in the USA at present are a by- product of the enhanced status of American passports

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Read the passage given below and answer questions. (From 41 to 50) Nationalism and national identity are not just ideological constructs. Rather, they are created and enforced through a bureaucracy that produces censuses, surveys and identity documents. This bureaucracy and its technologies of surveillance (photography, fingerprinting, statistics) are very recent, but they have become an indelible part of our lives. Holding a passport is a sign o citizenship of legal residency recognised by any other sovereign state in the world. But even before modern states could attempt to control the movement of their populations, people weren't free to move around as they pleased. For most of history, large segments of the population, including serfs, slaves, and indentured servants required privately created passes or papers to legitimate their movement. But as the global economy expanded. and New World frontiers and early industrial factories developed an insatiable demand for labor, these private controls fell away. The European empires of the late 19th century imposed new rights, responsibilities, and identities on their citizens through education, conscription, and taxation. The prevailing liberalism, the vagueness of nationality in an taxation. The prevailing liberalism, the vagueness of nationality in an imperial context, and the limits of surveillance meant millions upon millions were able to move to settler colonies in the Americas, South Africa and Oceania---with often the notable exclusion of Asians. This diplomatic - surveillance regime changes after WWI. Nation-states claiming to represent exclusive nationalities replaced empires. The rise of communist parties in Russia and elsewhere in Europe gave rise to suspicion of foreign agents. Moreover, the demand for labor was easing. National working classes constituted political interest groups that protested the labor competition of new immigrant classes. With the hardening of borders security and immigration quotas between these new nation states, and the spread of cheap photography, passports became both standardised, mandatory travel documents and ritual tools reinforcing national identity. Indeed, holders of passports from more powerful nations enjoy privileges abroad that others do not. Meanwhile, many of the fragments of empires that failed to form nation states, or unwanted minority groups, have at times been made " stateless" populations. These groups have ranged from Russian expatriates after the Bolshevik Revolution, to European Jews during the Holocaust and Palestinian refugees after the creation of Israel. Lacking a passport in a worldwide systems of nation states is the ultimate negation of agency. But national identity doesn't even mean all that it used to. Much of the new nationalism expressed as xenophobia and racism is rooted in nostalgia, accurate or not, for a time when national membership meant certain shared experiences and rights bridging social classes. The march of de-industrialisation, the decline of welfare services and the widening of income inequality mean that the global elite are everywhere carving out private zones of privilege guarded by fences and private security. The value of a passport as diplomatic currency is losing ground to another currency ---- the almighty dollar. Which of the following statements is FALSE according to the passage?

A. Education, conscription and taxation were methods used by sovereign nations to enforce citizens' identity
B. The spread of cheap photography helped standardisation o passports
C. Settler colonies in the Americas, South Africa and Oceania were created by nation-states before passports became a norm
D. Political parties which depended on labor unions protested the labor competitions of new immigrant classes

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Read the passage given below and answer questions. (From 41 to 50) Nationalism and national identity are not just ideological constructs. Rather, they are created and enforced through a bureaucracy that produces censuses, surveys and identity documents. This bureaucracy and its technologies of surveillance (photography, fingerprinting, statistics) are very recent, but they have become an indelible part of our lives. Holding a passport is a sign o citizenship of legal residency recognised by any other sovereign state in the world. But even before modern states could attempt to control the movement of their populations, people weren't free to move around as they pleased. For most of history, large segments of the population, including serfs, slaves, and indentured servants required privately created passes or papers to legitimate their movement. But as the global economy expanded. and New World frontiers and early industrial factories developed an insatiable demand for labor, these private controls fell away. The European empires of the late 19th century imposed new rights, responsibilities, and identities on their citizens through education, conscription, and taxation. The prevailing liberalism, the vagueness of nationality in an taxation. The prevailing liberalism, the vagueness of nationality in an imperial context, and the limits of surveillance meant millions upon millions were able to move to settler colonies in the Americas, South Africa and Oceania---with often the notable exclusion of Asians. This diplomatic - surveillance regime changes after WWI. Nation-states claiming to represent exclusive nationalities replaced empires. The rise of communist parties in Russia and elsewhere in Europe gave rise to suspicion of foreign agents. Moreover, the demand for labor was easing. National working classes constituted political interest groups that protested the labor competition of new immigrant classes. With the hardening of borders security and immigration quotas between these new nation states, and the spread of cheap photography, passports became both standardised, mandatory travel documents and ritual tools reinforcing national identity. Indeed, holders of passports from more powerful nations enjoy privileges abroad that others do not. Meanwhile, many of the fragments of empires that failed to form nation states, or unwanted minority groups, have at times been made " stateless" populations. These groups have ranged from Russian expatriates after the Bolshevik Revolution, to European Jews during the Holocaust and Palestinian refugees after the creation of Israel. Lacking a passport in a worldwide systems of nation states is the ultimate negation of agency. But national identity doesn't even mean all that it used to. Much of the new nationalism expressed as xenophobia and racism is rooted in nostalgia, accurate or not, for a time when national membership meant certain shared experiences and rights bridging social classes. The march of de-industrialisation, the decline of welfare services and the widening of income inequality mean that the global elite are everywhere carving out private zones of privilege guarded by fences and private security. The value of a passport as diplomatic currency is losing ground to another currency ---- the almighty dollar. What happens when the country of your origin ceases to exist as an independent nation, according to the passage?

A. You become part of a fringe group, are tagged ' stateless' of ' non-state' and suffer reduced statues as a citizen of the world
B. Your country cannot issue passports which other nations will recognise and thus deprive you of the free will to act, compelling you to become a refugee or a dependent
C. You have no identity and you are not free to move; you stagnate and become powerless to act
D. You become a citizen of another country after immigration; you are now seen as a refugee and a stateless being

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Read the passage given below and answer questions. (From 41 to 50) Nationalism and national identity are not just ideological constructs. Rather, they are created and enforced through a bureaucracy that produces censuses, surveys and identity documents. This bureaucracy and its technologies of surveillance (photography, fingerprinting, statistics) are very recent, but they have become an indelible part of our lives. Holding a passport is a sign o citizenship of legal residency recognised by any other sovereign state in the world. But even before modern states could attempt to control the movement of their populations, people weren't free to move around as they pleased. For most of history, large segments of the population, including serfs, slaves, and indentured servants required privately created passes or papers to legitimate their movement. But as the global economy expanded. and New World frontiers and early industrial factories developed an insatiable demand for labor, these private controls fell away. The European empires of the late 19th century imposed new rights, responsibilities, and identities on their citizens through education, conscription, and taxation. The prevailing liberalism, the vagueness of nationality in an taxation. The prevailing liberalism, the vagueness of nationality in an imperial context, and the limits of surveillance meant millions upon millions were able to move to settler colonies in the Americas, South Africa and Oceania---with often the notable exclusion of Asians. This diplomatic - surveillance regime changes after WWI. Nation-states claiming to represent exclusive nationalities replaced empires. The rise of communist parties in Russia and elsewhere in Europe gave rise to suspicion of foreign agents. Moreover, the demand for labor was easing. National working classes constituted political interest groups that protested the labor competition of new immigrant classes. With the hardening of borders security and immigration quotas between these new nation states, and the spread of cheap photography, passports became both standardised, mandatory travel documents and ritual tools reinforcing national identity. Indeed, holders of passports from more powerful nations enjoy privileges abroad that others do not. Meanwhile, many of the fragments of empires that failed to form nation states, or unwanted minority groups, have at times been made " stateless" populations. These groups have ranged from Russian expatriates after the Bolshevik Revolution, to European Jews during the Holocaust and Palestinian refugees after the creation of Israel. Lacking a passport in a worldwide systems of nation states is the ultimate negation of agency. But national identity doesn't even mean all that it used to. Much of the new nationalism expressed as xenophobia and racism is rooted in nostalgia, accurate or not, for a time when national membership meant certain shared experiences and rights bridging social classes. The march of de-industrialisation, the decline of welfare services and the widening of income inequality mean that the global elite are everywhere carving out private zones of privilege guarded by fences and private security. The value of a passport as diplomatic currency is losing ground to another currency ---- the almighty dollar. Which one of the following option provides an accurate interpretation of the statement given below? The value of a passport as diplomatic currency is losing ground to another currency--the almighty dollar.

A. A passport is becoming cheaper even while the dollar is gaining more power and influence
B. Today dollars are all powerful and influential; once upon a time, passports to be so
C. Where a passport opened the doors of alien nations due to diplomatic exigencies, there the all-powerful dollar now opens such doors for the privileged
D. As money is becoming an object of worship, relationships between nations are souring and have become insignificant

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Read the passage given below and answer questions. (From 41 to 50) Nationalism and national identity are not just ideological constructs. Rather, they are created and enforced through a bureaucracy that produces censuses, surveys and identity documents. This bureaucracy and its technologies of surveillance (photography, fingerprinting, statistics) are very recent, but they have become an indelible part of our lives. Holding a passport is a sign o citizenship of legal residency recognised by any other sovereign state in the world. But even before modern states could attempt to control the movement of their populations, people weren't free to move around as they pleased. For most of history, large segments of the population, including serfs, slaves, and indentured servants required privately created passes or papers to legitimate their movement. But as the global economy expanded. and New World frontiers and early industrial factories developed an insatiable demand for labor, these private controls fell away. The European empires of the late 19th century imposed new rights, responsibilities, and identities on their citizens through education, conscription, and taxation. The prevailing liberalism, the vagueness of nationality in an taxation. The prevailing liberalism, the vagueness of nationality in an imperial context, and the limits of surveillance meant millions upon millions were able to move to settler colonies in the Americas, South Africa and Oceania---with often the notable exclusion of Asians. This diplomatic - surveillance regime changes after WWI. Nation-states claiming to represent exclusive nationalities replaced empires. The rise of communist parties in Russia and elsewhere in Europe gave rise to suspicion of foreign agents. Moreover, the demand for labor was easing. National working classes constituted political interest groups that protested the labor competition of new immigrant classes. With the hardening of borders security and immigration quotas between these new nation states, and the spread of cheap photography, passports became both standardised, mandatory travel documents and ritual tools reinforcing national identity. Indeed, holders of passports from more powerful nations enjoy privileges abroad that others do not. Meanwhile, many of the fragments of empires that failed to form nation states, or unwanted minority groups, have at times been made " stateless" populations. These groups have ranged from Russian expatriates after the Bolshevik Revolution, to European Jews during the Holocaust and Palestinian refugees after the creation of Israel. Lacking a passport in a worldwide systems of nation states is the ultimate negation of agency. But national identity doesn't even mean all that it used to. Much of the new nationalism expressed as xenophobia and racism is rooted in nostalgia, accurate or not, for a time when national membership meant certain shared experiences and rights bridging social classes. The march of de-industrialisation, the decline of welfare services and the widening of income inequality mean that the global elite are everywhere carving out private zones of privilege guarded by fences and private security. The value of a passport as diplomatic currency is losing ground to another currency ---- the almighty dollar. Identify the most appropriate meaning of the highlighted word in the sentence below, according to the context in which its is used in the passage: Much of the new nationalism expressed as xenophobia and racism is rooted in nostalgia

A. Based on
B. Embedded in
C. Set in
D. Surrounded

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Read the passage given below and answer questions. (From 41 to 50) Nationalism and national identity are not just ideological constructs. Rather, they are created and enforced through a bureaucracy that produces censuses, surveys and identity documents. This bureaucracy and its technologies of surveillance (photography, fingerprinting, statistics) are very recent, but they have become an indelible part of our lives. Holding a passport is a sign o citizenship of legal residency recognised by any other sovereign state in the world. But even before modern states could attempt to control the movement of their populations, people weren't free to move around as they pleased. For most of history, large segments of the population, including serfs, slaves, and indentured servants required privately created passes or papers to legitimate their movement. But as the global economy expanded. and New World frontiers and early industrial factories developed an insatiable demand for labor, these private controls fell away. The European empires of the late 19th century imposed new rights, responsibilities, and identities on their citizens through education, conscription, and taxation. The prevailing liberalism, the vagueness of nationality in an taxation. The prevailing liberalism, the vagueness of nationality in an imperial context, and the limits of surveillance meant millions upon millions were able to move to settler colonies in the Americas, South Africa and Oceania---with often the notable exclusion of Asians. This diplomatic - surveillance regime changes after WWI. Nation-states claiming to represent exclusive nationalities replaced empires. The rise of communist parties in Russia and elsewhere in Europe gave rise to suspicion of foreign agents. Moreover, the demand for labor was easing. National working classes constituted political interest groups that protested the labor competition of new immigrant classes. With the hardening of borders security and immigration quotas between these new nation states, and the spread of cheap photography, passports became both standardised, mandatory travel documents and ritual tools reinforcing national identity. Indeed, holders of passports from more powerful nations enjoy privileges abroad that others do not. Meanwhile, many of the fragments of empires that failed to form nation states, or unwanted minority groups, have at times been made " stateless" populations. These groups have ranged from Russian expatriates after the Bolshevik Revolution, to European Jews during the Holocaust and Palestinian refugees after the creation of Israel. Lacking a passport in a worldwide systems of nation states is the ultimate negation of agency. But national identity doesn't even mean all that it used to. Much of the new nationalism expressed as xenophobia and racism is rooted in nostalgia, accurate or not, for a time when national membership meant certain shared experiences and rights bridging social classes. The march of de-industrialisation, the decline of welfare services and the widening of income inequality mean that the global elite are everywhere carving out private zones of privilege guarded by fences and private security. The value of a passport as diplomatic currency is losing ground to another currency ---- the almighty dollar. Identify the correct synonym of the highlighted word in the sentence given below, according to the context in which it is used in the passage: Nation-states claiming to represent exclusive nationalities replaced empires.

A. Special
B. Specific
C. Controlled
D. Chosen

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Read the passage below and answer Questions. (From 51 to 60) Children's books may not form part of the recruitment process for most businesses, but for shoe repair and key-cutting business Timpson, the key to its hiring process is whether the prospective candidate resembles say, Mr. Happy or Miss Quick, characters in children's books. " Other than specialist roles in finance or IT, we really don't bother about CVs or qualifications and we certainly don't take much notice of the words written on an application form," Timpson says. " The only thing that matters is personality." As well as more unorthodox methods, firms are turning to AI and other forms of tech to recruit. L' Oreal has introduced virtual reality to its approach, whereby graduates don a headset, take a virtual tour of the French beauty giant's offices, and experience a virtual meeting while having their personality and judgment assessed. Byte London, a marketing technology agency, recently introduced a chatbot (a computer programme that conducts a conversation) to help find employees. Replacing the initial application process, the Facebook Messenger chatbot, named Space Gentleman, asks applicants a series of 10 questions such as: " Do you have the right to work in the UK?", "We wanted to reduce the cost of hiring candidates, improve the quality of candidates applying to Byte and make the application more enjoyable." He adds: "We 're also using it as a soft sell for the agency's personality, helping people work out if they'd be a good fit." Last year, the mini bakery store chain Bagelman ditched the CV as part of the recruitment workshop, where the company could identify people who matched the job. "We were hiring individuals who looked gread on paper with impressive qualifications, but it soon became apparent they didn't share our values. We realised that no matter the qualifications on the CV, it was the person in front of us that mattered." Now Bagelman runs workshops where candidates have to participate in various set tasks. " Candidates who stand out for us will show great customer service, the ability to think on their feet and retain information. A CV can't show us any of that and is open to interpretation." Chris Rowley, a professor at Cass Business School, says companies should be more creative with recruiting but warns that while some methods can reduce the problems with CVs and application forms, which he says have " poor reliability as predictor of job perfomance", you need to be able to justify that decisions are not based on characteristics such as gender, ethnicity or age, but on the job criteria. He advises companies use a mix of CVs, application forms, and semi-structured interviews and tests 51. What is the main idea that the passage develops?

A. As times are changing, and as CVs and applications do not give a clue to the actual skills of applicants, moderns business firms are successfully using novel recruiting methods
B. Companies are doing everything to recruit a good employee, using children's literature, virtual reality, chatbots and even workshops. CVs and letter of application are not to be trusted
C. Small business networks have intelligently started adopting advance in technology to recruit people; admittedly, CVs and applications have poor reliability, but they need not be done away with
D. Personality and on-the-job-performance are more important then academic qualifications and so smart business networks use smart technique and modern methods to recruit

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Read the passage below and answer Questions. (From 51 to 60) Children's books may not form part of the recruitment process for most businesses, but for shoe repair and key-cutting business Timpson, the key to its hiring process is whether the prospective candidate resembles say, Mr. Happy or Miss Quick, characters in children's books. " Other than specialist roles in finance or IT, we really don't bother about CVs or qualifications and we certainly don't take much notice of the words written on an application form," Timpson says. " The only thing that matters is personality." As well as more unorthodox methods, firms are turning to AI and other forms of tech to recruit. L' Oreal has introduced virtual reality to its approach, whereby graduates don a headset, take a virtual tour of the French beauty giant's offices, and experience a virtual meeting while having their personality and judgment assessed. Byte London, a marketing technology agency, recently introduced a chatbot (a computer programme that conducts a conversation) to help find employees. Replacing the initial application process, the Facebook Messenger chatbot, named Space Gentleman, asks applicants a series of 10 questions such as: " Do you have the right to work in the UK?", "We wanted to reduce the cost of hiring candidates, improve the quality of candidates applying to Byte and make the application more enjoyable." He adds: "We 're also using it as a soft sell for the agency's personality, helping people work out if they'd be a good fit." Last year, the mini bakery store chain Bagelman ditched the CV as part of the recruitment workshop, where the company could identify people who matched the job. "We were hiring individuals who looked gread on paper with impressive qualifications, but it soon became apparent they didn't share our values. We realised that no matter the qualifications on the CV, it was the person in front of us that mattered." Now Bagelman runs workshops where candidates have to participate in various set tasks. " Candidates who stand out for us will show great customer service, the ability to think on their feet and retain information. A CV can't show us any of that and is open to interpretation." Chris Rowley, a professor at Cass Business School, says companies should be more creative with recruiting but warns that while some methods can reduce the problems with CVs and application forms, which he says have " poor reliability as predictor of job perfomance", you need to be able to justify that decisions are not based on characteristics such as gender, ethnicity or age, but on the job criteria. He advises companies use a mix of CVs, application forms, and semi-structured interviews and tests CVs and application forms _____.

A. Are no longer credible or indicative of skills possessed
B. Are ignored by modern business networks as they are ancient methods of recruiting
C. Are not capable of defining personality which is crucial in the job market
D. Are poor reflectors of future ability and have to be replaced partially or wholly with other recruitment methods.

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Read the passage below and answer Questions. (From 51 to 60) Children's books may not form part of the recruitment process for most businesses, but for shoe repair and key-cutting business Timpson, the key to its hiring process is whether the prospective candidate resembles say, Mr. Happy or Miss Quick, characters in children's books. " Other than specialist roles in finance or IT, we really don't bother about CVs or qualifications and we certainly don't take much notice of the words written on an application form," Timpson says. " The only thing that matters is personality." As well as more unorthodox methods, firms are turning to AI and other forms of tech to recruit. L' Oreal has introduced virtual reality to its approach, whereby graduates don a headset, take a virtual tour of the French beauty giant's offices, and experience a virtual meeting while having their personality and judgment assessed. Byte London, a marketing technology agency, recently introduced a chatbot (a computer programme that conducts a conversation) to help find employees. Replacing the initial application process, the Facebook Messenger chatbot, named Space Gentleman, asks applicants a series of 10 questions such as: " Do you have the right to work in the UK?", "We wanted to reduce the cost of hiring candidates, improve the quality of candidates applying to Byte and make the application more enjoyable." He adds: "We 're also using it as a soft sell for the agency's personality, helping people work out if they'd be a good fit." Last year, the mini bakery store chain Bagelman ditched the CV as part of the recruitment workshop, where the company could identify people who matched the job. "We were hiring individuals who looked gread on paper with impressive qualifications, but it soon became apparent they didn't share our values. We realised that no matter the qualifications on the CV, it was the person in front of us that mattered." Now Bagelman runs workshops where candidates have to participate in various set tasks. " Candidates who stand out for us will show great customer service, the ability to think on their feet and retain information. A CV can't show us any of that and is open to interpretation." Chris Rowley, a professor at Cass Business School, says companies should be more creative with recruiting but warns that while some methods can reduce the problems with CVs and application forms, which he says have " poor reliability as predictor of job perfomance", you need to be able to justify that decisions are not based on characteristics such as gender, ethnicity or age, but on the job criteria. He advises companies use a mix of CVs, application forms, and semi-structured interviews and tests A marketing technology agency recently introduced a chatbot (a computer programme that conducts as conversation) to help find employees. What will chatbots be able to reveal? What can't it access and show?

A. A computer programme that conducts a conversation cannot be very different from Napoleon's recruiting methods for soldiers; it lacks flexibility
B. A chatbot can sell the company's soft skills and help in the initial selection of candidates; but it cannot reveal their skills or help final selection
C. Use of a chatbot will reveal the attitude of candidates to computers; but it will not help reveal their attitude in the real world
D. A chatbot will be economical and a time-and cost-saving technique; but computers cannot say whether candidates are prevaricating or not

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Read the passage below and answer Questions. (From 51 to 60) Children's books may not form part of the recruitment process for most businesses, but for shoe repair and key-cutting business Timpson, the key to its hiring process is whether the prospective candidate resembles say, Mr. Happy or Miss Quick, characters in children's books. " Other than specialist roles in finance or IT, we really don't bother about CVs or qualifications and we certainly don't take much notice of the words written on an application form," Timpson says. " The only thing that matters is personality." As well as more unorthodox methods, firms are turning to AI and other forms of tech to recruit. L' Oreal has introduced virtual reality to its approach, whereby graduates don a headset, take a virtual tour of the French beauty giant's offices, and experience a virtual meeting while having their personality and judgment assessed. Byte London, a marketing technology agency, recently introduced a chatbot (a computer programme that conducts a conversation) to help find employees. Replacing the initial application process, the Facebook Messenger chatbot, named Space Gentleman, asks applicants a series of 10 questions such as: " Do you have the right to work in the UK?", "We wanted to reduce the cost of hiring candidates, improve the quality of candidates applying to Byte and make the application more enjoyable." He adds: "We 're also using it as a soft sell for the agency's personality, helping people work out if they'd be a good fit." Last year, the mini bakery store chain Bagelman ditched the CV as part of the recruitment workshop, where the company could identify people who matched the job. "We were hiring individuals who looked gread on paper with impressive qualifications, but it soon became apparent they didn't share our values. We realised that no matter the qualifications on the CV, it was the person in front of us that mattered." Now Bagelman runs workshops where candidates have to participate in various set tasks. " Candidates who stand out for us will show great customer service, the ability to think on their feet and retain information. A CV can't show us any of that and is open to interpretation." Chris Rowley, a professor at Cass Business School, says companies should be more creative with recruiting but warns that while some methods can reduce the problems with CVs and application forms, which he says have " poor reliability as predictor of job perfomance", you need to be able to justify that decisions are not based on characteristics such as gender, ethnicity or age, but on the job criteria. He advises companies use a mix of CVs, application forms, and semi-structured interviews and tests Which of the following options is. UNACCEPTABLE and FALSE and will NOT complete the statement correctly? Recruitment workshops _____.

A. Cast a better net than chatbots, virtual tours or 'resemblance familiar characters' when it comes to recruiting chefs, but may not be enough to recruit other professionals
B. Are like ' demonstration lessons's used to hire teachers, however what is demonstrated may not indicate what will be needed on the job
C. And appointing apprentices serve similar purposes fitting man for machine
D. Are a novel and non-traditional method of selecting the right people in terms of the jobs they will perform

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Read the passage below and answer Questions. (From 51 to 60) Children's books may not form part of the recruitment process for most businesses, but for shoe repair and key-cutting business Timpson, the key to its hiring process is whether the prospective candidate resembles say, Mr. Happy or Miss Quick, characters in children's books. " Other than specialist roles in finance or IT, we really don't bother about CVs or qualifications and we certainly don't take much notice of the words written on an application form," Timpson says. " The only thing that matters is personality." As well as more unorthodox methods, firms are turning to AI and other forms of tech to recruit. L' Oreal has introduced virtual reality to its approach, whereby graduates don a headset, take a virtual tour of the French beauty giant's offices, and experience a virtual meeting while having their personality and judgment assessed. Byte London, a marketing technology agency, recently introduced a chatbot (a computer programme that conducts a conversation) to help find employees. Replacing the initial application process, the Facebook Messenger chatbot, named Space Gentleman, asks applicants a series of 10 questions such as: " Do you have the right to work in the UK?", "We wanted to reduce the cost of hiring candidates, improve the quality of candidates applying to Byte and make the application more enjoyable." He adds: "We 're also using it as a soft sell for the agency's personality, helping people work out if they'd be a good fit." Last year, the mini bakery store chain Bagelman ditched the CV as part of the recruitment workshop, where the company could identify people who matched the job. "We were hiring individuals who looked gread on paper with impressive qualifications, but it soon became apparent they didn't share our values. We realised that no matter the qualifications on the CV, it was the person in front of us that mattered." Now Bagelman runs workshops where candidates have to participate in various set tasks. " Candidates who stand out for us will show great customer service, the ability to think on their feet and retain information. A CV can't show us any of that and is open to interpretation." Chris Rowley, a professor at Cass Business School, says companies should be more creative with recruiting but warns that while some methods can reduce the problems with CVs and application forms, which he says have " poor reliability as predictor of job perfomance", you need to be able to justify that decisions are not based on characteristics such as gender, ethnicity or age, but on the job criteria. He advises companies use a mix of CVs, application forms, and semi-structured interviews and tests Why are new methods of hiring cost-efficient?

A. They adopt selection methods that are tailored for their needs, with an awareness of the required profile of future employees
B. The cost of initial filtering is negligible and the process itself is fast, making the new methods cheaper and faster.
C. They don't depend on CVs and application forms alone, but employ interviews and tests
D. There are no tests or face-to-face interviews requiring travel for all, thus saving a lot of money

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Read the passage below and answer Questions. (From 51 to 60) Children's books may not form part of the recruitment process for most businesses, but for shoe repair and key-cutting business Timpson, the key to its hiring process is whether the prospective candidate resembles say, Mr. Happy or Miss Quick, characters in children's books. " Other than specialist roles in finance or IT, we really don't bother about CVs or qualifications and we certainly don't take much notice of the words written on an application form," Timpson says. " The only thing that matters is personality." As well as more unorthodox methods, firms are turning to AI and other forms of tech to recruit. L' Oreal has introduced virtual reality to its approach, whereby graduates don a headset, take a virtual tour of the French beauty giant's offices, and experience a virtual meeting while having their personality and judgment assessed. Byte London, a marketing technology agency, recently introduced a chatbot (a computer programme that conducts a conversation) to help find employees. Replacing the initial application process, the Facebook Messenger chatbot, named Space Gentleman, asks applicants a series of 10 questions such as: " Do you have the right to work in the UK?", "We wanted to reduce the cost of hiring candidates, improve the quality of candidates applying to Byte and make the application more enjoyable." He adds: "We 're also using it as a soft sell for the agency's personality, helping people work out if they'd be a good fit." Last year, the mini bakery store chain Bagelman ditched the CV as part of the recruitment workshop, where the company could identify people who matched the job. "We were hiring individuals who looked gread on paper with impressive qualifications, but it soon became apparent they didn't share our values. We realised that no matter the qualifications on the CV, it was the person in front of us that mattered." Now Bagelman runs workshops where candidates have to participate in various set tasks. " Candidates who stand out for us will show great customer service, the ability to think on their feet and retain information. A CV can't show us any of that and is open to interpretation." Chris Rowley, a professor at Cass Business School, says companies should be more creative with recruiting but warns that while some methods can reduce the problems with CVs and application forms, which he says have " poor reliability as predictor of job perfomance", you need to be able to justify that decisions are not based on characteristics such as gender, ethnicity or age, but on the job criteria. He advises companies use a mix of CVs, application forms, and semi-structured interviews and tests Which of the statements below is true in light of your understanding of the passage?

A. Resemblance to children's favorite character is a good predicator of future performance in all jobs
B. Reactions while being takes on a virtual tour will always reveal aspects off one's personality and attitude which are crucial onthe- job requirements.
C. CVs and application forms have become useless and obsolete in the world of computers, AI And virtual reality
D. Chatbots can work like initial questionnaires and help filter out completely unfit applicant

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Read the passage below and answer Questions. (From 51 to 60) Children's books may not form part of the recruitment process for most businesses, but for shoe repair and key-cutting business Timpson, the key to its hiring process is whether the prospective candidate resembles say, Mr. Happy or Miss Quick, characters in children's books. " Other than specialist roles in finance or IT, we really don't bother about CVs or qualifications and we certainly don't take much notice of the words written on an application form," Timpson says. " The only thing that matters is personality." As well as more unorthodox methods, firms are turning to AI and other forms of tech to recruit. L' Oreal has introduced virtual reality to its approach, whereby graduates don a headset, take a virtual tour of the French beauty giant's offices, and experience a virtual meeting while having their personality and judgment assessed. Byte London, a marketing technology agency, recently introduced a chatbot (a computer programme that conducts a conversation) to help find employees. Replacing the initial application process, the Facebook Messenger chatbot, named Space Gentleman, asks applicants a series of 10 questions such as: " Do you have the right to work in the UK?", "We wanted to reduce the cost of hiring candidates, improve the quality of candidates applying to Byte and make the application more enjoyable." He adds: "We 're also using it as a soft sell for the agency's personality, helping people work out if they'd be a good fit." Last year, the mini bakery store chain Bagelman ditched the CV as part of the recruitment workshop, where the company could identify people who matched the job. "We were hiring individuals who looked gread on paper with impressive qualifications, but it soon became apparent they didn't share our values. We realised that no matter the qualifications on the CV, it was the person in front of us that mattered." Now Bagelman runs workshops where candidates have to participate in various set tasks. " Candidates who stand out for us will show great customer service, the ability to think on their feet and retain information. A CV can't show us any of that and is open to interpretation." Chris Rowley, a professor at Cass Business School, says companies should be more creative with recruiting but warns that while some methods can reduce the problems with CVs and application forms, which he says have " poor reliability as predictor of job perfomance", you need to be able to justify that decisions are not based on characteristics such as gender, ethnicity or age, but on the job criteria. He advises companies use a mix of CVs, application forms, and semi-structured interviews and tests Which of the following inference may be drawn from the following statement? Chris Rowley _ warns that you need to be able to justify that decisions are not based on characteristics such as gender, ethnicity or age, but on the job criteria.

A. Gender; ethnicity and age are not acceptable criteria for recruitment
B. Gender; ethnicity and age are not as reliable as the CV for recruitment
C. Gender; ethnicity and age are reliable criteria for recruitment
D. Gender; ethnicity and age are just as reliable as job criteria for recruitment

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Read the passage below and answer Questions. (From 51 to 60) Children's books may not form part of the recruitment process for most businesses, but for shoe repair and key-cutting business Timpson, the key to its hiring process is whether the prospective candidate resembles say, Mr. Happy or Miss Quick, characters in children's books. " Other than specialist roles in finance or IT, we really don't bother about CVs or qualifications and we certainly don't take much notice of the words written on an application form," Timpson says. " The only thing that matters is personality." As well as more unorthodox methods, firms are turning to AI and other forms of tech to recruit. L' Oreal has introduced virtual reality to its approach, whereby graduates don a headset, take a virtual tour of the French beauty giant's offices, and experience a virtual meeting while having their personality and judgment assessed. Byte London, a marketing technology agency, recently introduced a chatbot (a computer programme that conducts a conversation) to help find employees. Replacing the initial application process, the Facebook Messenger chatbot, named Space Gentleman, asks applicants a series of 10 questions such as: " Do you have the right to work in the UK?", "We wanted to reduce the cost of hiring candidates, improve the quality of candidates applying to Byte and make the application more enjoyable." He adds: "We 're also using it as a soft sell for the agency's personality, helping people work out if they'd be a good fit." Last year, the mini bakery store chain Bagelman ditched the CV as part of the recruitment workshop, where the company could identify people who matched the job. "We were hiring individuals who looked gread on paper with impressive qualifications, but it soon became apparent they didn't share our values. We realised that no matter the qualifications on the CV, it was the person in front of us that mattered." Now Bagelman runs workshops where candidates have to participate in various set tasks. " Candidates who stand out for us will show great customer service, the ability to think on their feet and retain information. A CV can't show us any of that and is open to interpretation." Chris Rowley, a professor at Cass Business School, says companies should be more creative with recruiting but warns that while some methods can reduce the problems with CVs and application forms, which he says have " poor reliability as predictor of job perfomance", you need to be able to justify that decisions are not based on characteristics such as gender, ethnicity or age, but on the job criteria. He advises companies use a mix of CVs, application forms, and semi-structured interviews and tests Which of the following option provides an accurate interpretation of the following statement? CVs and applications forms ____ have " poor reliability as predictor of job performance".

A. CVs and application forms are trustworthy and are highly prophetic in their indications
B. CVs and application forms are token of loyalty but are poor clairvoyants of future performance
C. CVs and application forms are constant and so they cannot be analysed to recruit people
D. CVs and application forms are not undependable per set but they cannot tell beforehand how someone will perform later

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Read the passage below and answer Questions. (From 51 to 60) Children's books may not form part of the recruitment process for most businesses, but for shoe repair and key-cutting business Timpson, the key to its hiring process is whether the prospective candidate resembles say, Mr. Happy or Miss Quick, characters in children's books. " Other than specialist roles in finance or IT, we really don't bother about CVs or qualifications and we certainly don't take much notice of the words written on an application form," Timpson says. " The only thing that matters is personality." As well as more unorthodox methods, firms are turning to AI and other forms of tech to recruit. L' Oreal has introduced virtual reality to its approach, whereby graduates don a headset, take a virtual tour of the French beauty giant's offices, and experience a virtual meeting while having their personality and judgment assessed. Byte London, a marketing technology agency, recently introduced a chatbot (a computer programme that conducts a conversation) to help find employees. Replacing the initial application process, the Facebook Messenger chatbot, named Space Gentleman, asks applicants a series of 10 questions such as: " Do you have the right to work in the UK?", "We wanted to reduce the cost of hiring candidates, improve the quality of candidates applying to Byte and make the application more enjoyable." He adds: "We 're also using it as a soft sell for the agency's personality, helping people work out if they'd be a good fit." Last year, the mini bakery store chain Bagelman ditched the CV as part of the recruitment workshop, where the company could identify people who matched the job. "We were hiring individuals who looked gread on paper with impressive qualifications, but it soon became apparent they didn't share our values. We realised that no matter the qualifications on the CV, it was the person in front of us that mattered." Now Bagelman runs workshops where candidates have to participate in various set tasks. " Candidates who stand out for us will show great customer service, the ability to think on their feet and retain information. A CV can't show us any of that and is open to interpretation." Chris Rowley, a professor at Cass Business School, says companies should be more creative with recruiting but warns that while some methods can reduce the problems with CVs and application forms, which he says have " poor reliability as predictor of job perfomance", you need to be able to justify that decisions are not based on characteristics such as gender, ethnicity or age, but on the job criteria. He advises companies use a mix of CVs, application forms, and semi-structured interviews and tests Identify the meaning that is closest to the highlighted word in the sentence below, according to the context in which it is used in the passage: As well as more unorthodox methods, firms are turning to AI and other forms of tech to recruit.

A. Heretical
B. Blasphemous
C. Innovative
D. Rebellious

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Read the passage below and answer Questions. (From 51 to 60) Children's books may not form part of the recruitment process for most businesses, but for shoe repair and key-cutting business Timpson, the key to its hiring process is whether the prospective candidate resembles say, Mr. Happy or Miss Quick, characters in children's books. " Other than specialist roles in finance or IT, we really don't bother about CVs or qualifications and we certainly don't take much notice of the words written on an application form," Timpson says. " The only thing that matters is personality." As well as more unorthodox methods, firms are turning to AI and other forms of tech to recruit. L' Oreal has introduced virtual reality to its approach, whereby graduates don a headset, take a virtual tour of the French beauty giant's offices, and experience a virtual meeting while having their personality and judgment assessed. Byte London, a marketing technology agency, recently introduced a chatbot (a computer programme that conducts a conversation) to help find employees. Replacing the initial application process, the Facebook Messenger chatbot, named Space Gentleman, asks applicants a series of 10 questions such as: " Do you have the right to work in the UK?", "We wanted to reduce the cost of hiring candidates, improve the quality of candidates applying to Byte and make the application more enjoyable." He adds: "We 're also using it as a soft sell for the agency's personality, helping people work out if they'd be a good fit." Last year, the mini bakery store chain Bagelman ditched the CV as part of the recruitment workshop, where the company could identify people who matched the job. "We were hiring individuals who looked gread on paper with impressive qualifications, but it soon became apparent they didn't share our values. We realised that no matter the qualifications on the CV, it was the person in front of us that mattered." Now Bagelman runs workshops where candidates have to participate in various set tasks. " Candidates who stand out for us will show great customer service, the ability to think on their feet and retain information. A CV can't show us any of that and is open to interpretation." Chris Rowley, a professor at Cass Business School, says companies should be more creative with recruiting but warns that while some methods can reduce the problems with CVs and application forms, which he says have " poor reliability as predictor of job perfomance", you need to be able to justify that decisions are not based on characteristics such as gender, ethnicity or age, but on the job criteria. He advises companies use a mix of CVs, application forms, and semi-structured interviews and tests Identify the correct synonym of the highlighted word in the sentence given below, according to the context in which it is used in the passage: L' Oreal has introduced virtual reality to its approach, whereby graduates don a headset.

A. Holy
B. Reghteous
C. Simulated
D. Fake

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Fill in the blanks to the following sentence complete, correct and meaningful: _____ there is major hiccup in the next few days, an incredibly powerful company will shortly be given a license to dominate world farming.

A. Until
B. Although
C. Unless
D. As if

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Fill in the blanks to make the following sentence complete, correct and meaningful: __ Powerful lobbying in Europe and _ political arm-twisting on several continents, the path has been cleared for Monsanto, the world's ___ seed company, to be taken over by Bayer

A. Subsequent to; lot of ; larger
B. Subsequent; a lot of; largest
C. Subsequent; a lots of; largest
D. Subsequent; a lot of ; largest

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Fill in the blanks to make the following sentence complete, correct and meaningful. Bayer- Monsato will have an indirect impact __ every consumer and a direct one _ most farmers Britain, the EU and the US. It will effectively control most the world's GM crop genetic traits, as will as much of the data __ what farmers grow where, and the yields they get.

A. in; on; on; of; about
B. on; on; in; of; about
C. on; in; in; of; about
D. in; on; on; by; about

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Fill in the blanks to make the following sentence complete, correct and meaningful. Backed __ governments and enabled_ world trade rules and intellectual property laws, Bayer-Monsanto has been allowed to control much _ the world's supply seeds.

A. by; at ; of; at
B. at; by; of; of
C. by; by; at; at
D. by; by; of; of

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Fill in the blanks to make the following sentence complete, correct and meaningful. The corporates that only consolidation that development of better seed varieties and the innovations needed to avert global hunger and malnutrition, as the world population _ to around 10 billion people in a few decades' time.

A. argue; can bring; climbs
B. argued; could bring; climbs
C. argue; can bring; climbed
D. argue; bring; climbs

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Part of a sentence (or two) are given as options and the are jumbled up. One of the options contains an error that renders the unjumbled sentence wrong ungrammatical. Identify the part/option which contains the error:

A. is not phiolanthropy and the extension of an age-old
B. social stability and dietary diversity or many
C. system of mutualised farming that has provided
D. the seed-sharing of "landraces", of local varieties

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Part of a sentence (or two) are given as options and the are jumbled up. One of the options contains an error that renders the unjumbled sentence wrong ungrammatical. Identify the part/option which contains the error:

A. of effective ecological and political defiance upon
B. the community seed bank is a living repository
C. the immense reach of the likes of Monsanto and Bayer
D. of hundreds of Indian rice varieties and also an act

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Part of a sentence (or two) are given as options and the are jumbled up. One of the options contains an error that renders the unjumbled sentence wrong ungrammatical. Identify the part/option which contains the error:

A. the legal and biological grip of seed corporates
B. farther the small farmer who used to feed the world
C. on global farming will tighten, threatening
D. environmentalists in developing countries say

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Part of a sentence (or two) are given as options and the are jumbled up. One of the options contains an error that renders the unjumbled sentence wrong ungrammatical. Identify the part/option which contains the error:

A. grows forgotten crops and is the antithesis off
B. Bayer and Monsanto whom concentrate on
C. an Indian plant researcher Debal Deb
D. developing a small number of blockbuster staple crops

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Part of a sentence (or two) are given as options and the are jumbled up. One of the options contains an error that renders the unjumbled sentence wrong ungrammatical. Identify the part/option which contains the error:

A. are less likelier to go to war
B. richer than non-democracies,
C. and have a better record of fighting corruption
D. democracies are on average

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Part of a sentence (or two) are given as options and the are jumbled up. One of the options contains an error that renders the unjumbled sentence wrong ungrammatical. Identify the part/option which contains the error:

A. their affinities for such laws to hold very broadly
B. unlike atoms, are not consistent enough in
C. of universally applicable laws, but humans
D. the dictates of logic requires the existence

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Part of a sentence (or two) are given as options and the are jumbled up. One of the options contains an error that renders the unjumbled sentence wrong ungrammatical. Identify the part/option which contains the error:

A. but much ideas almost always fail precisely because
B. history records many well- conceived and apparent
C. logical grand plans for the betterment of mankind
D. they are logical, ignoring human beings' whims and greed

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Part of a sentence (or two) are given as options and the are jumbled up. One of the options contains an error that renders the unjumbled sentence wrong ungrammatical. Identify the part/option which contains the error:

A. new technologies and have paid a little attention to farmers' traditional knowledge
B. if the world is to adapt to climate change and population growth
C. governments and research organisations are blinded by the prospect of
D. a veritable storehouse of wisdom, which is essential

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Part of a sentence (or two) are given as options and the are jumbled up. One of the options contains an error that renders the unjumbled sentence wrong ungrammatical. Identify the part/option which contains the error:

A. 4 to 5 ft of water, and dozens that are drought-tolerant
B. besides many varieties that can grow in brackish water
C. Deb has discovered rice varieties that are capable of
D. growing in 12ft. of water, some that can grow in

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Part of a sentence (or two) are given as options and the are jumbled up. One of the options contains an error that renders the unjumbled sentence wrong ungrammatical. Identify the part/option which contains the error:

A. and only gives his seeds to people he trusts
B. Deb kept the exact location of his farm secret
C. and that companies want to claim them as their own
D. claiming that spies have been sent to steal his seeds

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In the sentence given below a phrase/clause is missing, indicated through a blank. Identify the option that can fill in the blank and completed the sentence correctly and meaningfully: Instead of working in a well-funded research institute, _____ Deb is now part of the worldwide farmers' movement to limit corporate control and to redefine what knowledge is , and who owns it.

A. as might be expecting of a Fulbright biotech scholar
B. as might be expected in a Fulbright biotech scholar
C. as might be expected of a Fulbright biotech scholar
D. as might be expected of Fulbright biotech scholar

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In the sentence given below a phrase/clause is missing, indicated through a blank. Identify the option that can fill in the blank and completed the sentence correctly and meaningfully: To point the finger at farming as the cause of environmental degradation through intensification makes no sense, ____ in that time-increased house building, more roads, and more cars on those roads - and the impact they have had on the country's landscape.

A. through when you consider the other changes that have taken place
B. especially when you would have considered other changes that have taken place
C. particularly when you considered the other change that have taken place
D. especially when you consider the other changes that have taken place

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In the sentence given below a phrase/clause is missing, indicated through a blank. Identify the option that can fill in the blank and completed the sentence correctly and meaningfully: Improving the way we farm in harmony with wildlife, while not decreasing food production, _____ that focuses purely on agriculture.

A. must not be achieved through any sort of knee-jerk blame game
B. will not be achieved through some sort of knee-jerk blame game
C. will not be achieved on some sort of kneejerk blame game
D. should be achieved through some sort of knee-jerk blame game

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In the sentence given below a phrase/clause is missing, indicated through a blank. Identify the option that can fill in the blank and completed the sentence correctly and meaningfully: I was shocked to find a six-year-old girl who did not know what a potato was. She agreed that she liked eating chips and crisps, but was very skeptical that _____.

A. this hard, dirty brown thing had anything to do with them
B. this dirty, hard, brown thing have anything to do with them
C. this hard, dirty brown thing have anything to do with them
D. the brown, hard dirty thing had everything to do in them

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In the sentence given below a phrase/clause is missing, indicated through a blank. Identify the option that can fill in the blank and completed the sentence correctly and meaningfully: There is actually quite a broad consensus on many of the most fundamental questions of public life: _____ and in politics there is a similarly support for representative democracy and governments that place a high value on fairness and diversity.

A. in economics there is a wide support for a regulating market economy flanked by a big state
B. in economics their is wide support for a regulated marked economy flanking by a big state
C. in economics there is wide supported for a regulated market economy flanked by a big state
D. in economics there is wide support for a regulated market economy flanked by a big state

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Identify the option that converts the statement below into a question, without any distortion: We describe the variety of ecological and evolutionary consequences that may result from humans encountering wildlife.

A. Do we describe the variety of ecological and evolutionary consequences that may result from humans encountering wildlife?
B. Shall we describe the variety of ecological and evolutionary consequences that may result from humans encountering wildlife?
C. can evolutionary consequences result from humans encountering wildlife and do we describe the variety of ecological and evolutionary consequences?
D. May we describe the variety of ecological and evolutionary consequences that may result from humans encountering wildlife?

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Identify the option that converts the statement below into a question, without any distortion: If all school children were given free, healthy breakfasts and lunches they would have less room in their stomachs for junk.

A. If all school children were given free, healthy breakfasts and lunches, should there be any room in their stomachs for junk?
B. If all school children were given free, healthy breakfasts and lunches, would they have any room in their stomachs for junk ?
C. If all school children were given free, healthy breakfasts and lunches, could they have some room in their stomachs for junk?
D. If all school children were given free, healthy breakfasts and lunches, would they have much room in their stomachs for junk ?

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Identify the option that converts the statement below into a question, without any distortion: America's sustainable food movement has been steadily growing yet the movement is predominantly white.

A. Unless America's sustainable food movement has been steadily growing, isn't the movement predominantly white?
B. Though America's sustainable food movement has been steadily growing, is the movement predominantly white?
C. Lest America's sustainable food movement has been steadily growing, won't the movement predominantly white?
D. Though America's sustainable food movement has been steadily growing, isn't the movement predominantly white?

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Rewrite the statement below into a question, so as to derive the highlighted part as the answer: The expression ' food desert' calls to mind desolate places, not places with enormous potential.

A. When the expression ' food desert' calls to mind desolate places, what does the expression fall?
B. When the expression ' food desert' calls to mind desolate places, what it does the expression to evoke?
C. When the expression ' food desert' calls to mind desolate places, what does the expression fail to evoke?
D. When the expression ' food desert' calls to mind desolate places, why does the expression fail to evoke places with enormous potential?

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Rewrite the statement below into a question, so as to derive the highlighted part as the answer: The idea that giving people the ability to grow their own food and giving up soda for water would make people's conditions better is ridiculously naive

A. Which idea to make people's conditions better is ridiculously naive?
B. Why is the idea to make people's conditions better ridiculously naive?
C. How is the idea to make people's conditions better ridiculously naive?
D. What is the idea to make people's conditions better ridiculously naive?

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Identify the option that restates the comparison using a positive adjective, without any change of meaning: Nature-based tourism is huge as more people visit natural areas than there are people on Earth!

A. Nature-based tourism is huge as there are as many people on Earth as those who visit natural areas!
B. Nature-based tourism is huge as those who visit natural areas are not as many as there are of Earth!
C. Nature-based tourism is huge as there are not as many people on Earth as those who visit natural areas!
D. Nature-based tourism is huge as many people of Earth visit natural areas!

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Identify the option that restates the comparison using a positive adjective, without any change of meaning: We use the computers in our pockets, known as 'phones' more those on our desks of laps.

A. The computers in our pockets, known as ' phones', are used as much as the computers of our desks of laps.
B. The computers on our desks and laps are not use by us as much as those, known as 'phones', in our pockets.
C. The computers on our desks and laps are less used by us than those, known as ' phones', in our pockets.
D. We use the computers on our desks and laps as much as those, known as ' phones', in our pockets.

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Identify the option that restates the comparison using a positive adjective, without any change of meaning: The belief that everyone coding would solve anyone's problems has been shown up as the ludicrous one.

A. The belief that everyone coding would solve anyone's problems has been shown up as very ludicrous than any other belief
B. The belief that everyone coding would solve anyone's problems has been shown up as much ludicrous than any other belief
C. The belief that everyone coding would solve anyone's problems has been shown up as more ludicrous than any other belief
D. The belief that everyone coding would solve anyone's problems has been shown up as much ludicrous as any other belief

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Identify the option that restates the comparison using a positive adjective, without any change of meaning: Simple nature-based tourism is supposed to be not as good as ecotourism, natural-area tourism driven by concern for environmental conservation, social welfare, and local economic development.

A. Ecotourism, natural-area tourism driven by concern for environmental conservation, social welfare, and local economic development, is the best tourism.
B. Ecotourism, natural-tourism driven by concern for environmental conservation, social welfare, and local economic development, is supposed to be better than simple nature-based tourism.
C. Ecotourism, natural-area tourism driven by concern for environmental conservation, social welfare, and local economic development, is better than simple nature-based tourism.
D. Simple nature-based tourism is supposed to be as good as ecotourism, natural-area tourism driven by concern for environmental conservation social welfare, and local economic development.

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Identify the option that restates the comparison using a positive adjective, without any change of meaning: Wireless is the most preferred mode of operation today.

A. No other mode of operation today is as much preferred as wireless.
B. Wireless is preferred than many other modes of operation today.
C. Other modes of operation, unlike wireless, are not preferred today.
D. A mode of operation much preferred today is wireless.

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The parts of a sentence given below when rearranged, form a grammatical sentence. Identify the option that presents the correct order: A. and tragically, never seen from the other half of the Earth B. forever but at some point in the far future reach a stable C. John's hypothesis is that the moon will not retreat from Earth D. distance when it will be visible only from one half of Earth

A. D, C, B, A
B. A, C, C, B
C. B, C, D, A
D. C, B, D, A

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The parts of a sentence given below when rearranged, form a grammatical sentence. Identify the option that presents the correct order: A. "digital nutrition", likens media diets to B. what's no our plates: rather counting calories C. or screen time, think about what you're eating D. a psychologist who specializes in the concept of

A. D, A, B, C
B. B, C, D, A
C. C, B, D, A
D. D, C, A, B

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The parts of a sentence given below when rearranged, form a grammatical sentence. Identify the option that presents the correct order: A. the name ' applied science' could be given, but B. there exists no category of science to which C. we have science and the application of science D. which are united as the fruit is to the tree

A. B, C, D, A
B. C, B, D, A
C. B, A, C, D
D. D, A, B, C

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The parts of a sentence given below when rearranged, form a grammatical sentence. Identify the option that presents the correct order: A. and far from being relaxing, having nothing to do, to get through B. so many so-called "empty workers" find it really tough as C. the day, they had to work on a novel, played video games or just slept D. their workloads take up less than half the time spent at work

A. C, B, D, A
B. B, A, C, C
C. B, D, A, C
D. B, A, D, C

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The parts of a sentence given below when rearranged, form a grammatical sentence. Identify the option that presents the correct order: A. given that obesity is more prevalent among B. in health inequality between the rich and the poor. C. lower socioeconomic classes, interventions D. such as the Daily Mile could help to close the gag

A. A, C, D, B
B. A, B, C, D
C. C, B, D, A
D. D, C, A, B

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Rewrite the given sentence, using modal verbs, without any change of meaning or distortion: The weather bureau announced the likelihood of the deep depression becoming stronger and possibility of it turning into a cyclone.

A. The weather bureau announced the deep depression shall become stronger and would turn into a cyclone.
B. The weather bureau announced the deep depression shall become stronger and must turn into a cyclone.
C. The weather bureau announced the deep depression might become stronger and could turn into cyclone.
D. The weather bureau announced the deep depression could become stronger and might turn into a cyclone.

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Fill in the blanks with the appropriate modal verbs: I _ wear the regimental sash to attend the funeral parade of my former Commander. So, I instruct my orderly to keep it ready.

A. must; have to
B. have to; may
C. may; must
D. have to; must

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Fill in the blanks with the appropriate modal verbs: The Judge pointed out to the plaintiff-wife, "The contract says' __ to given alimony' - there is no obligation or compulsion. Notwithstanding this, we _ admit what the contract says earlier, ' ___ a stipend her lifetime' which makes payments to you compulsory and obligatory,"

A. may decide; shall; be given
B. must decide; will; may be given
C. shall decide; shall; can be given
D. may decide; have to; shall be given

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Fill in the blanks with the appropriate modal verbs, making sure the sentences are grammatical: The indifferent chocolate industry, If it wants, _ to prevent the spread of health myths associated with chocolate. Chocolate is a treat you, as a rule, enjoy occasionally and in small portions, not a health food.

A. should do more; should
B. could do more; should
C. will do more; would
D. must do more; can

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Identify the option that will fill in the blanks with appropriate modal verbs: It is raining heavily, You _____ go school today.

A. must not
B. haven't have to
C. don't have to
D. not have to

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Convert and rewrite the sentence below into a compound one, with two independent clauses: Slowly slices of Britain's hidden history are being revealed as the public learn more and more about the activities of undercover police officers.

A. Slowly slices of Britain's hidden history are revealed but the public learn more and more about the activities of undercover police officers
B. Slowly slices of Britain's hidden history are being revealed and the public are learning more and more about activities of undercover police officers
C. Slowly slices of Britain's hidden history are being revealed and the public are learning more and more about the activities of undercover police officers
D. Slowly slices of Britain's hidden history has been revealed and the public have learnt more and more about the activities of undercover police officers

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Convert and rewrite the sentence below into a sentence with just one independent clause: Some scholars are keen to believe that genuine traditions lie beneath the superficial literary encrustation, while others are inclined to minimise these elements

A. Other scholar are inclined to minimise these elements and some are keen to believe that genuine traditions lie beneath the superficial literary encrustation
B. Other scholar being inclined to minimise these elements, some are keen to believe that genuine traditions lie beneath the superficial literary encrustation
C. Some scholars are keen to believe that genuine traditions lie beneath the superficial literary encrustation, and others being inclined to minimise these elements
D. Some scholar being keen to believe that genuine lie beneath the superficial literary encrustation, others are inclined to minimise these elements

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Convert the following sentence into a compound sentence: The Children's Commissioner has warned that social media firms must switch of addictive technology.

A. Warning that social media firms must switch off addictive technology, the children's Commissioner said that it deliberately keeps children hooked online
B. The Children's Commissioner has warned that social media firms must switch of addictive technology but that it deliberately keeps children hooked online
C. The Children's Commissioner has warned that social media firms must switch of addictive technology but that it deliberately keeps children hooked online
D. The Children's Commissioner has warned that social firms must switch off addictive technology and that it deliberately keeps children hooked online

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Convert the following sentence into a compound sentence: Without a bus service, a village dies, Some people can't even stay in their own homes. They must go into homes.

A. Some people are not able to stay in their own homes as having to go into care homes, a village, without a bus service, dies
B. Some people being able to stay in their own homes and having to go into care homes, a village without a bus service, dies
C. Some people not even being able to stay in their own homes and have to go into care homes, a village without a bus service, dies
D. Not even being able to stay in their own homes and having to go into care homes, some people in a village, without a bus service, dies

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Convert the following sentence into a simple sentence: Expensive train commutes are for the allimportant middle class, while buses ferry about the poor.

A. Buses ferry about the poor, expensive train commutes are for the all-important middle class
B. Even as buses ferrying about the poor, expensive train commuters are for the allimportant middle class
C. Buses ferry about the poor, expensive train commutes in for the all-important middle class
D. Buses ferrying about the poor, expensive train commutes are for the all-important middle class

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Convert the following sentence into a compound sentence: Most council leaders, who decide how to spend the transport budget, are men.

A. Most council leaders are men and they decide how to spend the transport budget
B. Most council leaders being men, decide how to spend the transport budget
C. Most council leaders are men but they decide how to spend the transport budget
D. Most council leaders are men because they decide how to spend the transport budget

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Convert the following sentence into a compound sentence: A majority strongly self-identifies as English. The only subset exceptions, though they are important ones, are black and minority-ethnic adults

A. A majority strongly self-identifies as English yet the only subset exceptions, though they important ones, are black and minority-ethnic adults
B. A majority strongly self-identifies as English and the only subset exceptions, though they are important ones, are black and minorityethnic adults
C. A majority strongly self-identifies as English and the only subset exceptions, though they tare important ones, are black and minorityethnic adults
D. A majority strongly self-identifies as English,. even as the only exceptions, though they are important ones, are black and minority-ethnic adults

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Rewrite the sentence in direct speech into corresponding reported speech: "It has taken us all surprise. Customer are saying can you do more," he said. " I think the vegan and flexitarian marked is the first major food trend that has come out social media.

A. He said that it had taken them all by surprise. He added that customers were asking whether they can do more. He conclued that he though the vegan and flexitarian market was the first major food trend that had come out of social media
B. He said that it had taken them all by surprise He added that customers were asking whether they can do more. He concluded that he though the vegan and flexitarian market is the first major food trend that has out of social media
C. He said that it has taken them all by surprise. He added that customers are asking whether they can do more. He concluded that he thought the vegan and flexitarian marked was the first major food trend that had come out social media
D. He said that it had taken them all by surprise. He added that customers were asking whether they can do more. He concluded that he thinks the vegan and flexitarian marked was the first major food that had come out of social media

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Rewrite the sentence in direct speech into corresponding reported speech: He told the reporter, " When someone is murdered it is clear: the courts must prosecute the criminal. Yet when we talk about genocide, or crimes against humanity, people start looking or arguments,"

A. He told the reporter that when someone was murdered it is clear that the courts must prosecute the criminal. He added that, however, when we talked about genocide, or crimes against humanity, people would start looking for arguments
B. He told the reporter that when someone is murdered it is clear that the courts has to prosecute the criminal. He added that however, when we talk about genocide, or crimes against humanity, people will start looking for arguments
C. He said that when someone is murdered it is always clear that the courts must prosecute the criminal. However, when we talk about genocide, or crimes against humanity, people start looking for arguments
D. He told the reporter that when someone is murdered it is clear the that courts must prosecute the criminal. He added that, however, when we talk about genocide, of crimes against humanity, people start looking for arguments

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Rewrite the sentence in direct speech into into corresponding reported speech:

A. She said, "younger people are talking about veganism on social media and old shoppers are keen to buy into the idea of being 'flexitarian',".
B. She remarked that younger people were talking about veganism on social media and that old shoppers were keen to buy into the idea of being ' flexitarian'.
C. She remarked that younger people are talking about veganism on social media and that old shoppers are keen to buy into the idea of being 'flexitarian'.
D. She remarked that younger people are talking about veganism on social media and that old shoppers are keen to buy into the idea of being 'flexitarian'.

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Rewrite the sentence into the other voice, without change of meaning. Waitrose this week launched dedicated vegan sections in more than 130 stores

A. Dedicated vegan section in more than 130 stores launched by Waitrose
B. Dedicated vegan sections in more than 130 stores were launched by Waitrose
C. Dedicated vegan sections in more than 130 stores were launched by Waitrose
D. Dedicated vegan sections in more than 130 stores are being launched by Waitrose

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Change the voice of the following sentence without changing its meaning. Archaeologists unearthed the figurine in 2017 during excavations as a site called ' Abel Beth Maacah

A. The figurine was unearthed by archaeologists in 2017 during excavations at a site called 'Abel Beth Maacah'
B. The figurine is unearthed by archaeologists in 2017 during excavations at a site called ' Abel Beth Maacah'
C. The figurine had been unearthed by archaeologists in 2017 during excavations at a site called ' Abel Beth Maacah'
D. The figurine will be unearthed by archaeologists in 2017 during excavations at a site called 'Abel Beth Maacah'

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Rewrite the sentence into the other voice, without changing its meaning. Antarctic ice cores provide a history of the atmosphere for thousands of years and make known carbon dioxide levels reached a distinct minimum around 1610.

A. A history of the atmosphere for thousands of years was provided and that carbon dioxide levels reached a distinct minimum around 1610 is made known by Antarctic ice cores
B. A history of the atmosphere for thousands of years is provided and that carbon dioxide levels reached a distinct minimum around 1610 is made known by Antarctic ice cores
C. A history of the atmosphere for thousands of year is provided and that carbon dioxide levels reached a distinct
D. A history of the atmosphere for thousands of years will be provided and that carbon dioxide levels reached a distinct minimum around 1610 would have been made known by Antarctic ice cores

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Rewrite the sentence into the other voice, without changing its meaning. Researchers suggest effects of the colonial era can be detected in rocks or even air.

A. One can detect effects of the colonial era in rocks and even air is suggested by researchers
B. That one can detect effects of the colonial era in rocks and even air was suggested by researchers
C. That one could have detected effects o the colonial era in rocks and even air was suggested by researchers
D. That one can detect effects of the colonial era in rocks and even air is suggested by researchers

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Rewrite the sentence into the other voice, without changing its meaning. Exciting young people about STEM and its endless possibilities will set them on an exciting path and could lead to a fulfilling and rewarding career in engineering and technology.

A. When young people about STEM and its endless possibilities, they will be set on an exciting path and could be led to a fulfilling and rewarding career in engineering and technology
B. When young people excited about STEM and its endless possibilities, will be set on an exciting path and could led to a fulfilling and rewarding career in engineering and technology
C. When young people will be excited about STEM and its endless possibilities, they are set on an exciting path and could lead to a fulfilling and rewarding career in engineering and technology
D. When young people are excited about STEM and its endless possibilities , they will be set on an exciting path and led to a fulfilling and rewarding career in engineering and technology

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Rewrite the sentence into the other voice without changing its meaning. The weight of evidence indicates that humans are not unique in possessing the neurological substrates that generate consciousness.

A. That human are not unique in possessing the neurological substrates that generate consciousness has been indicated by the weight of evidence
B. That humans are not unique in possessing the neurological substrates that generate consciousness is indicated by the weight of evidence
C. That humans are not unique in possessing the neurological substrates that generate consciousness is being indicated by the weight of evidence
D. That humans are not unique in possessing the neurological substrates that generate consciousness will be indicated by the weight of evidence

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Identify the option that converts and restates the following sentence using a rejected, impossible condition: If they fail, the future of food will go into the hand of three giant companies that are wedded to genetic modification.

A. They fail and future of food will go into the hands of three giant companies that are wedded to genetic modification
B. As they fail, the future of food will go into the hands of three giant companies that are wedded to genetic modification
C. Were they to fail, the future of food would go into the hands of three giant companies that are wedded to genetic modification
D. Had they failed, the future of food would have gone into the hands of three giant companies that are wedded to genetic modification

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Identify the option that converts the sentence fully and correctly into a sentence that states a real and open condition: Many of the poorest farmers use the system of rice intensification (SRI), which dramatically increase yields of rice, wheat, and potato.

A. If many of the poorest farmers will not use the system of rice intensification (SRI), yields of rice wheat, and potato will not increase dramatically
B. If rice, what and potato yields were to increase dramatically, many of the poorest farmers would use the system of rice intensification (SRI)
C. Had the yields of rice, what, and potato not increase dramatically, many of the poorest farmers would not have used the system of rice intensification (SRI).
D. If yields of rice, wheat and potato will increase dramatically, many to the poorest farmers will opt to use the system of rice intensification (SRI)

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Read the sentence below, which states an open condition. Identify the option that converts it correctly into a sentence that states an unreal and rejected condition: If more studies show how antibiotics interfere with immunotherapy, it may be possible to show how intestinal flora can help new cancer treatments.

A. Had more studies shown how antibiotics interfere with immunotherapy, it may be possible to show how intestinal flora could have helped new cancer treatments
B. Had more studies shown how antibiotics interfere with immunotherapy, it would have been possible to show how intestinal flora can help new cancer treatments
C. Had more studies shown how antibiotics interfere with immunotherapy, it would have been possible to show how intestinal flora could have helped new cancer treatments
D. Had more studies not shown how antibiotics do not interfere with immunotherapy, it would have been possible to show how intestinal flora could have helped new cancer treatments

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Read the sentence below, which states an open condition. Identify the option that converts it correctly into a sentence that states an unreal and rejected condition: If we went to close the boardroom gender gap, we need to stop helping women and start fixing workplaces.

A. If the boardroom gender gap is to be closed, we would need to stop helping women and start fixing workplace
B. If we were to close the boardroom gender, gap, we would need to stop helping women and start fixing workplaces
C. If we were to close the boardroom gender gap, we will need to stop helping women and start fixing workplaces
D. If the boardroom gender gap were to close, we would need to stop helping women and start fixing workplaces

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The letter violates all that we associate with a formal letter, Identify the superficial features of this letter, unacceptable as they are, which you will IMMEDIATELY change, before you go on to revise the letter and make its language, tone and style formal.

A. Change salutation and use of first names
B. Change alignment and use of different fonts
C. Remove the underlining in the body
D. Replace the idiom used

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You are required to make an official announcement at your workplace, which will not be private or individual to individual. For the message to have the utmost impact on the audience, you will get it printed and distributed later. Which one of the following given options would you employ?

A. An e-mail
B. A notice on the noticeboard
C. A business memo
D. A signed letter

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When you send an e-mail in your official capacity as the CEO of an organisation to the CEO of another one, who happens to be vender whose absence will sever the supply chain, escalating an old complaint, what will be your initial and last sentence in the body, after your greeting and before your signing off?

A. I am afraid you are taking advantage of the fact that without your products our factory will close down... Help us avoid further delays and losses.
B. We are recording our complaint .... Take immediate action if you don't want us to terminate your contract.
C. This is with reference to the complaints from our production team about the last two batches of xxxxxx, which have come to my attention ... Hoping for a final solution from you.
D. It was nice meeting you in the club and getting to know your views on the last budget... Please do what you can at your end.

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This is a condensed version of a business report; it includes a conclusion and ( a set of) recommendations. It does NOT indicate the writer's orientation, agenda or significanceunderstanding. What is it called?

A. Cover letter
B. Summary
C. Executive summary
D. Business memo

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Which one of the following options is a proper thesis-statement, fit to be developed into an argumentative essay?

A. Government educational institutions will become better once ' corporate' colleges and schools are closed.
B. Government educational institutions will become better once the controversy surrounding commercialisation of education dies down and people understand more money means more knowledge and skills via education.
C. Government educational institution will become better once they imitate 'corporate' colleges and schools and their pedagogic processes.
D. As the history of nationalisation of banks shows, just as private banking did not disappear or become less influential of popular, or just as the working style of the public banks did not become customerfriendly, the writer argues that closing 'corporate' colleges and schools will not necessarily make government, public educational institutions ' better'.

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Which ONE of the following options is a proper thesis-statement, fit to be developed into an argumentative essay?

A. 'The Great Gatsby' is a great novel.
B. Though critics point out that Scott Fitzgerald's 'The Great Gatsby' is about how the notion of American dream is illusory, or how it portrays the loss of innocence, of portray the Jazz Age, its true fame lies in capturing the shadows of evils yet to come.
C. 'The Great Gratsby', of course, conveys the message that the notion of the American dream is illusory, but more importantly it ushers American fiction into a new narrative world, as evident in T.S. Eliot's observation: ' the first step that American fiction has taken since Henry James'.
D. The Gretsby', though it conveys the message that the notion of the American dream is illusory, does not argue that Americans must stop dreaming.

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Identify the option that does not deal with this specific issue: How does a writer communicate better with his audience? It could be a letter to the editor, an essay, a report of any such piece of continuous writing { composition}?

A. Exemplify, even in a text that deals with a technical issue, ideas; the examples should match schemata that audience have interest in and easily relate to the discussed idea
B. Make sure your adjectives and determiners are specific to the idea; make doubly sure the adjective are derived ones and attributive in nature; condense sentence with many 'technical adjectives'
C. Employ sentences that are not too long or dense; be economical with words; define jargon only where needed - defining a term which your audience is familiar with is either insulting to them or challenging to them
D. Introduce not the essay but also each paragraph in a multi-paragraph essay, but make sure the introduction act as advance organisers

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Read the two sentence given below: • Films will continue to entice insecure teenagers who have been hypnotised by the glamour and the glamourous lifestyle of those associated with it and who dream of the money they would earn and adult-addicts for their love of the medium. • Films will continue to entice adult-addicts for their love to the medium and insecure teenagers who have been hypnotised by the glamour, who dream of money they would earn and the glamorous lifestyle of those associated with it. Teachers of ' Writing' would advise you to use the second sentence (or similar structures). Identify the option that properly explains the reasons for such a preference:

A. The second sentence moves down from 'adults' to 'teenagers', It follows, the right hierarchical order and reflects reality better.
B. Mercenary instincts alone cannot be the reason, and since personalised satisfaction is more important, the second sentence has the better sequence.
C. Love for medium is more important than glamour. The second sentence gets the order right.
D. Since the coordinated parts move from the shorter to the longer in the second sentence, a rhythmically more attractive line is created in the second sentence.

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Which one of the following is NOT an effective feature of an e-cover letter?

A. Reiterating and keeping the channel open in the conclusion
B. Attaching the cover letter to the main e-mail
C. Attempting a grater specification in the subject line
D. Pinpointing challenges you would like to face and advertising your skills

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Which one of the following should a letter of complaint AVOID and NOT include?

A. Specific details of the complaint
B. Details that would help the recipient to act
C. Threats of future legal action
D. Suggestions about how the complaint could be redressed

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Once you employ a chart in your report/essay, what should you NOT attempt in explaining it and developing your ideas in the body?

A. Ensure though queries or a summary that the readers have perceived and understood the essential trends or movements
B. Use clear language and avoid acronyms
C. Make sure apples and oranges are not compared and that correlation is not taken as causation
D. Use direct labeling wherever possible, avoiding indirect look-up

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The sentence of paragraph are given in jumbled order and labelled, A, B, C, D, E and F below. One of the sentence offers a digression. Identify the digressing sentence: A. Indian Buddhist analysis of the mind spans a period of some 15 centuries from the earliest discourses of the Buddha to the systematic developments of late Mahayana Buddhism. B. Perhaps no other classical philosophical tradition. East of West, offer a more complex and counter-intuitive account of mind and mental phenomena than Buddhism C. Philosophical accounts of mind emerge within scholastic traditions but tracing their roots necessarily uniquely to Buddha's teachings of the not-self doctrine is fanciful. D. Rather, Buddhist theories of mind center on the doctrine of not-self, which postulate that human being are reducible to the physical and psychological constituents and processes which comprise them. While Buddhists share with other Indian philosophers the view that the domain o the mental encompasses a set of interrelated faculties and processes, the do not associated mental phenomena with the activity of a substantial, independent, and enduring self of agent.

A. C
B. D
C. A
D. E

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Identify the option that provides the missing phrases in the paragraphs given below: The argument and though-experiment now generally known as the 'Chinese Room Argument' was first published in a paper in 1980 by American philosopher John Searle. It has become one of the best-known arguments in recent philosophy. A. _____ following a computer program for responding to Chines characters slipped under the door. Searle understand nothing of Chinese, and yet, by following the program for manipulating symbols and numerals just as a computer does, he produces appropriate strings of Chinese characters. B. _ the narrow conclusion of the argument is that programming a digital computer may make in appear to understand language but does not produce real understanding. Hence the " Turing Test" is inadequate. Searle argues that the though experiment underscores the fact that computers merely use syntactic rules to manipulate symbol strings, but have no understanding of meaning of semantics. C. _ that the theory that human minds are computer - like computational or information processing systems is refuted. Instead minds must result from biological processes: computers can at best simulate these biological processes. Thus the argument has large implications for semantics, philosophy of language and mind, theories of consciousness, computer science and cognitive science generally. D. ___ there have been many critical replies to the argument.

A. A. Searle imagines himself alone in a room B. that fool those outside into thinking there is Chinese speaker in the room C. The broader conclusion of the argument is D. As a result
B. A. As a result B. The broader conclusion of the argument is C. Searle imagines himself alone in a room D. that fool those outside into thinking there is Chinese speaker in the room
C. A. As a result B. Searle imagines himself alone in a room C. that fool those outside into thinking there is Chinese speaker in the room D. The broader conclusion of the argument is
D. A. The broader conclusion of the argument is B. that fool those outside into thinking there is Chinese speaker in the room C. Searle imagines himself alone in a room D. As a result

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Which option provided the two missing sentence, A and B in the paragraph given below? On 7 March 2014 at 16:42, flight MH370 departed from KL bound for Beijing. Initially, everything about the flight proceeded as normal. The Mode S transponder system on board the aircraft was responding as expected to interrogation from the ATC Secondary Surveillance Radar up to the time when it was lost on the ATC radar screen at 17:21:13. A. B. This message contained a collation of six reports generated at five-minute intervals by the system from 16:41:43 until 17:06:43. These reports contained information about the aircraft position and motion such as latitude, longitude. altitude, air temperature, air speed, wind direction, wind speed, and true heading

A. A. The last recorded radio transmission with the crew of MH370 occurred at 17:19:30 as the aircraft was instructed to contact Vietnamese ATC On leaving the Malaysian Flight Information Region. B. No message was received from the aircraft to report a system failure
B. A. No message was received from the aircraft to report a system failure B. Similarly, the on-board Aircraft Communications Addressing and Reporting System (ACARS) reported as expected at 17:07:29.
C. A. The last recorded radio transmission with the crew of MH370 occurred at 17:19:30 as the aircraft was instructed to contact Vietnamese ATC on leaving the Malaysian Flight Information Region B. The ACARS position reports are scheduled to be transmitted at thirty-minute intervals during cruse
D. A. the ACARS position reports are scheduled to be transmitted at thirty-minute intervals during cruise B. The next scheduled report at 17:37 was not received

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Identify the option that continues the following discussion appropriately: • The melting of Antarctica is accelerating at a alarming rate. • An international team of ice experts said in a new study that about 3 trillion tons of ice have disappeared since 1922. • From 1992 to 2011, Antarctica lost nearly 84 billion tons of ice a year (76 billion metric tons). • • • All that water made global oceans rise about three-tenths of a inch (7.6 millimeters).

A. • In the last quarter century, the southernmost continent's ice sheet- a key indicator of climate change - melted into enough water to cover Texas to a depth of nearly 13 feet (4 meters). • From 2012 to 2017, the melt rate increased to more than 241 billion tons a year ( 219 billion metric tons)
B. • From 2012 to 2017, the melt rate decreased to more than 241 billion tons a year ( 219 billion metric tons). • In the last quarter century, the southernmost continent's ice sheet- a key indicator of climate change - melted into enough water to cover Texas to a depth of nearly 13 feet (4 meters).
C. • From 2012 to 2017, the melt rate increased to more than 241 billion tons a year ( 219 billion metric tons). • In the last quarter century, the southernmost continent's ice sheet- a key indicator of climate change - melted into enough water to cover Texas to a depth of nearly 13 feet (4 meters)
D. • From 2012 to 2017, the melt rate increased to more than 241 billion tons a year ( 219 billion metric tons) • In the last quarter century, the southernmost continent's ice sheet- a key indicator of climate change - melted into enough water to cover Texas to a depth of nearly 13 feet (4 meters)

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Identity the option that gives the correct order of the sentences below, and helps it become a paragraph: A. There is an early need to standardize charging infrastructure/equipment to ensure interoperability and make it widespread. B. The country aims to set up more than 4.8 million charging points at investment of almost $20 billion by 2020. C. Similarly, China has standardised charging infrastructure to ensure increase usage and set up 16,000 charging points across the country. D. For the alternative mobility technologies to settle, an enabling infrastructure is required. E. European OEMs have formed a consortium, 'Ionity' to provide interoperable charging points across the continent. F. China has regulations to include charging infrastructure in all residential buildings. India needs to start learning from global examples to push enabling infrastructure.

A. A, E, D, C, B, F
B. A, D, C, E, F, B
C. D, A, C, E, B, F
D. D, A, E, C, B, F

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The first five sentence of the paragraph given below are in a jumbled order. Identify the option that gives their correct order. A. Of the total vehicular pollution, 40% to 45% comes from two-wheelers and another 30% to 35% from four wheelers. B. The movement away from kerosene, coal and wood fires for cooking will have a big impact on domestic activity. C. The other area that is already critical and will keep getting worse, unless checked, is vehicular emission. D. We need to speed up the journey towards LPG and solar-powered stoves. E. Just vehicular pollution contributes around 35% of the total PM 2.5 emissions today. In a future with internal combustion engines (ICE) vehicles, urban pollution will continue to remain 25% to 30% above safe global standards because of the growth in automobiles. This is where our focus needs to be.

A. B, D, C, E, A
B. C, E, A, B, D
C. A, B, C, D, E
D. E, D, C, B, A

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Study the paragraph given below. Two sentences, other than first one, state the same idea. It is enough one of them is retained and the other can be dropped. Identify the pair - keep it in mind that either of them could be deleted. A. What is the carbon bubble and what will happen if it bursts? B. This carbon bubble has been estimated at between $1 trillion and $4 trillion (£3 trillion), a large chunk of the global economy's balance sheet. C. Investments amounting to trillions of dollars in fossil fuels - coal mines, oil wells power stations, conventional vehicles - will lose their value when the world moves decisively to a low-carbon economy. D. Fossil fuel reserves and production facilities will become stranded assets, having absorbed capital but unable to be used to make a profit. E. Currently, fossil fuel prices do not reflect the environmental damage the fuels do, in climate change and air and water pollution. F. As the world moves towards as low-carbon economy, fossil fuel investments worth trillions of dollars, from oil wells to cars, will lose their value.

A. F or E
B. E or D
C. C or F
D. C or B

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Identify the correct sequence of ideas and the letter of the sentence that disrupts the unity of the paragraph. The organic movement was founded on the pioneering work of Sir Alfred Howard. A. There are other agricultural models, such as biodynamic farming and permaculture. B. Organic and biodynamic meats have labels, regenerative farming, as yet, does not-so you need to investigate your farmer yourself. C. More recently some innovators have been fusing technology with environmental principles D. It is still relatively small - in Europe 5.7% of agricultural land is under this movement - but influential. E. Agroforestry, silvopasture, or regenerative agriculture create farming methods which all encompass carbon sequestration, high biodiversity and good animals welfare.

A. B, E, C, D - omit A
B. B, E, C, D - omit D
C. D, A, C, E - omit B
D. C, D, E, A - omit B

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Identify the option that suggests a better sequencing of ideas expressed in the bulleted list, keeping in mind the proposition developed in the sentence itself: Throughout human history the hunting and farming of meat has been part of our stories and mythologies and some of our legal and religious systems: 1. even the roasted wild boars consumed at the end of very adventure by Asterix and Obelix 2. the sacrificial sheep to mark the beginning of Eid Al-Adha 3. the medieval forest laws that created areas where no one English royalty could hunt 4. the fatted calf for the prodigal son

A. The given sequence is acceptable as it moves from comics to serious stories
B. Only the statement about ' the sacrificial sheep' needs to be moved up as it is sacred
C. Reflecting the order stated, the fatted calf should be the first one, followed by the royal laws and the sacrificial sheep; Asterix and Obelix should be the last one
D. The royal practices and laws are factual and must be stated first

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Read the ' letter to the editor' given below: Identify the option that describes that relationship between the second and the third sentences: This refers to ' Sanitation and state capacity' by by xxxx (Xx October 14). I couldn't agree more with the writer on why ' Swachh Bharat must go beyond building physical infrastructure". Cooperation across departments as well as roping in civic bodies and, most importantly, citizens remain the most critical bottlenecks for many of the government's abhiyans. Waste management must be addressed as a priority. Issues like recycling and processing domestic and commercial electronic waste, which is growing exponentially, require a more sophisticated approach than landfill dumping. IS Yyy.

A. Exemplification
B. Addition
C. Specification
D. Generalization

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Read the 'letter to the editor' given below: Identify the option that describes the relationship between the second and the third sentences. The recent hype created by the media over the mauling of a visitor by a white tiger at the Delhi Zoo Portrays the animal as a bloodthirsty monster ('A Zoo tragedy', xx, September 24). While it is sad that a young life was lost due to the negligence of the Zoo authorities, it certainly wrong to paint an animal born and raised in captivity as an evil brute. Given the shouting and the stones being pelted on the tiger, even the calmest animals could be provoked into turning aggressive. There should be greater focus on instilling discipline among people who visit the zoo. - BS zzz

A. Giving a reason
B. Substantiating a stance announced
C. Adding details to what has been stated
D. Exemplifying a statement

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Identify the option that specifies the defect in this letter: It is not surprising to see the continued hounding of author Perumal Murugan for exercising his fundamental right to freedom of speech and expression ('Murugan, wife apply for transfer from college to avoid book row', IE, February 4). So do many nations. I remembers discussing this issue with a few Americans in Washington. Washington is such an impressive city, full of administrators? That is why Amartya Sen immortalised the idea of "the argumentative Indian", I am with you, Mr Murugan, and with other like you - nd xxx.

A. Lack of ideas
B. Lack of unity
C. Lack of examples
D. Lack of reference

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Identify the option that specifies the defect in the following letter: I DO not agree with the editorial, 'Take Rajasthan's cue' ( Xx, September 24). Toilets and playground are integral to any learning environment. It should also periodically review the pedagogy. A lower emphasis on toilets is also likely to have a negative impact on girls' education, since the lack of toilets in schools is a major reason for them dropping out. The government should address the issue of learning outcomes through a multi-pronged approach. It should raise the standard for teacher selection. The suggestion of overlooking the teacher-student ratio criteria is ironic, since that is also bound to affect learning outcomes. -AS XXx

A. Lack of coherence
B. Lack of unity
C. Lack of development
D. Lack of reference

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Which of the tragic heroes of Shakespeare exemplify the Aeschylean notion of " knowledge through suffering" (redemption)?

A. Antony in ' Antony and Cleopatra'
B. Hamlet in ' Hamlet'
C. Lear in ' King Lear'
D. Macbeth in 'Macbeth'

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Which of the options does NOT describe an essential feature of a ' blank verse'?

A. A blank verse uses unrhymed five-stress lines, i,e., iambic pentameters
B. A blank verse is closest to the rhythms of normal, everyday English speech
C. A blank verse does not suit the ' high seriousness' of epics such as ' Paradise Lost'
D. The blank verse did not disappear and could be found in later schools of poetry, including T.S. Eliot's

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The Romantic period, which ran between the publication of ' Lyrical Ballads' and the passing of 'Reform bills', emphasised the following mentioned in the options. One of the options in not related to the ideals of the Romantic period. Identify it:

A. Intense focus on human subjectivity
B. An exaltation of Nature, seen symbolically
C. Comprehensive and inclusive rationalization
D. Focus on childhood and spontaneity

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Gothic novels are tales of mystery and horror. They rely heavily on _______. Identify the wrongly attributed feature.

A. The presence of the devil and/or ghosts
B. An innocent young heroine, normally a governess
C. a supernatural, exotic environment
D. a nonlinear plot narrated through letters

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The Shakespearean sonnet consisted of:

A. an octave and a sestet
B. seven couplets
C. three quatrains and a couplet
D. an indivisible 14-line unit

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These lines are from Herbert's 'Redemption' The poem uses an extended metaphor and is allegorical in nature. It is also a parable - a parable of tenants. At length I heard a ragged noise and mirth Of theeves and murderers: there I him espied, Who straight, Your suit is granted, said & died. Identify the best possible inference and generalisation of the poem:

A. A request that the pay less rent for the land he has taken the landlord
B. A plea that he be allowed to make fewer sacrifices to be ' redeemed' - that his soul be saved
C. An appeal that he be allowed to punish his body less for the purification of his soul
D. A prayer that he be allowed to change the rental terms in a new contract

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Identify the correct option. Which one of the following plays by Shakespeare makes use of a framing structure called Induction?

A. The Twelfth Night
B. Much Ado About Nothing
C. The Taming of the Shrew
D. Merry Wives of Windsor

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Dr, Johnson made this observation about a play by Shakespeare: to waste criticism upon unresisting imbecility, upon faults too evident for detection, and too gross for aggravation.

A. The Twelfth Night
B. Cymbeline
C. Hamlet
D. Macbeth

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Which one of the following plays by Shakespeare does NOT employ a chorus or a character playing a role similar to that of a chorus?

A. Henry V
B. The Winter's Tale
C. Pericles
D. Macbeth

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Identify what Sidney DID NOT say about of on history.

A. Poetry uses examples [like historians] and precept [as philosophers do]
B. Poetry can portray the ideal; History cannot, as it is bound by truth/reality
C. Poetry can reward virtue and punish vice/evil; History reflects life 'where sinners can prosper'
D. Poetry liberates itself through reality; History is constrained by reality

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Comedy of humours use the Medieval and Renaissance medical theory that the human body held a balance of four liquids. When property balanced, these humours were though to give the individual a healthy mind in a healthy body. The options below lists the four humours. But one of them is INCORRECT. Identify the INCORRECT option:

A. sanguine
B. phlegm
C. choler
D. blood

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In which of the following poems did Milton invoke the goddesses of Mirth and Melancholy?

A. 'Paradise Lost' and 'Paradise Regained'
B. 'L' Allegro' and ' I1 Penseroso'
C. 'Comus' and 'Lycidas'
D. ' On having attained the age of three and twenty' and 'On his blindness'

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The practice of recording conversation and sayings of the famous became especially popular in the 17th century. This material is especially useful for biographer and can be a from of literary biography in itself'. One of the best-known examples of this is:

A. Lytton Strachey's Eminent Victorians'
B. Jerome K. Jerome's My Life and Times'
C. William Hazlitt's Table-Talk, a collection of essays
D. James Boswell's biography of Samuel Johnson

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• This famous novel by Sir Walter Scott has Elizabeth I as a character. • It is centered around the life and death of the Countess of Leicester and the ambition of her husband -- sharing the crown of his sovereign, Elizabeth I Identify the novel.

A. Ivanhoe
B. Rob Roy
C. Kenilworth
D. Waverley

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Identify the option that names the poet and the poem from which these lines are taken. We decay Like corpses in a charnel, the creative spirit of Adonais, like a star, Beacons from the abode where the Eternal are.

A. Tennyson, 'In Memorium'
B. Milton, 'Lycidas'
C. Shelley, 'Adonais'
D. Arnold, ' Thyrsis'

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• ' Thyrsis' [a monody] is an elegiac poem by Matthew Arnold. It is considered one of Arnold's finest poems. • 'Thyrsis' is a traditional Greek name for a shephered-poet.

A. Percy Bysshe Shelley
B. Willian Wordsworth
C. Arthur Hugh Clough
D. Alfred Tennyson

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What is the name of the old man in London who teaches young homeless boys how to be pickpockets and then fences their stolen goods and is executed for complicity in a murder in Dickens's Oliver Twist'?

A. Bill Sikes
B. The artful Dodger
C. Fagin
D. Mr. Bumble

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Fill in the blank by choosing the correct option: Hemingway employs_____ to narrate the tale of ' The Old Man and the Sea'.

A. first-person narration
B. a third person omniscient narrator
C. a multivocal narrotive
D. a fly-on-wall technique

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What does that scarlet letter stand for in ' The Scarlet Letter'? Why is the colour scarlet used here?

A. It is the letter A of the alphabet; its colour is a Biblical reference to the Whore of Bobylon who was dressed in purple and scarlet
B. The scarlet letter was a letter the narrator discovers; he is forced to chase the mystery - scarlet signifies danger
C. It is the letter A of the alphabet; the colour scarlet was the colour of Chirst's blood and indicates 'a martyr'-punished for no sin of his or her
D. The scarlet letter is a mystery and the theme of novel; scarlet indicates danger

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What is the fly in Emily Dickinson's poem 'I heard a fly buzz- when I died'?

A. a housefly, the symbol of a carrier to infection and death, telling her in her ear that her death is imminent
B. A butterfly, that buzzed to remind her of the mystery and miracle of the world and life at the moment of her death
C. An imaginary fly accompanying her in her death; she could hear it in her dying moments in her mind
D. A metaphor for her soul leaving her body - an aural image of death; fly here connotes death

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Name the play by George Bernard Shaw which is about war between the gender, shows woman as conqueror and posits that in the battle between instinct and intelligence, instinct always wins. This play has Don Juan as a Shavian hero in England at the turn of the century.

A. Mrs. Warren's Profession
B. Candida
C. Man and Superman
D. The Devil's Disciple

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Miller wrote in 1949, "The quality in such plays [ i.e. tragedies] that does shake us--- derives from the underlying fear for being displaced, the disaster inherent in being torn away from our chosen image of what and who we are in this world. Among us today this fear is as strong, and perhaps stronger, than it ever was. In fact, it is the common man who knows this fear best." Which play of his illustrates the highlighted clause?

A. The Crucible
B. All My Sons
C. The Last Yankee
D. Death of a Salesman

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In this poem, T.S. Eliot reflects upon language, time, and history. The poem itself could be read as a clear meditation on time. Identify the poem.

A. The Waste Land
B. Four Quartets
C. The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock
D. Ash Wednesday

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The Oxford Dictionary defines drama as 'a play or theatre, radio, or television, as a genre of style of literature and as the activity of acting.' What is the impact of television on the literariness of English drama? In which aspect of drama as theatre is the influence most palpable?

A. The emergence of ' Closet dramas'
B. Costumes and presentation
C. Dialogue delivery and authentic language
D. Awareness of the images constructed for viewers

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Hopkins' 'Pied Beauty' is a unique example of a curtal sonnet. Explain the significance of these lines and the echo of an image by another poet. All things counter, original, spare strange; Whatever is fickle, freckled (who knows how?) With swift, slow; sweet, sour; adazzle, dim; He fathers-forth whose beauty is past change:

A. Hopkins is exploring his relationship with God through experimental stress patterns, syntax and language, which is similar to Eliot's in The Waste Land'
B. Hopkins, in this hymn, a paean, reinforces this notion of a changeless God divinely creating dappledness, complexity, variety and flux, similar to a kind God creating the Lamb and a punitive one, the Tyger in Blake
C. Hopkins in these lines employs a telling alliterative rhythm - the sounds are similar, but signify contray and different values, as early English poets used to
D. Hopkins observes here that the whole spectrum of nature in all its beauty is mysteriously germinated by Him, who is worth of praise and tries to imitate the tone and affect of the psalms

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Yeats laments in Easter 1916. "All changed, changed utterly:/A terrible beauty is born." Explain the nature of the change and the terrible beauty referred to here.

A. The Irish rising and the English reaction
B. A growing indifference to nature after WWI
C. The dawn and influence of modernism
D. Maud Gonne's change of mind and heart

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Identify the correct option and complete the observation: In the novels seeking the most objective narrative method of all, the device of the storyteller who does not understand the story he is telling, the technique of the "unreliable observer" was by James Joyce and other writers. The reader, understanding better than the narrator, had the illusion of receiving the story directly. The device that Joyce employs towards achieving this is known _____.

A. parody of other narrative styles
B. echoes of famous lines and allusions
C. stream of consciousness [interior monologue]
D. fantastic incidents and shadowy characters

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This dramatist was the first to use characters pared down to basic existential elements and as symbols to reiterate his Stygian [ = unpleasantly dark] views of the human condition; he is also known as the one who initiated the Theatre of the Absurd. Identify the dramatist from the option given.

A. Harold Pinter
B. Joe Orton
C. Samuel Beckett
D. Bertolt Brecht

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In the following lines, what is it that Nissim Ezekiel is referring to? There is a place to which I often go, Not by planning to, but by a flow Away from all existence, to a cold Lucidity, whose will is uncontrolled. Here, the mills of God are never slow.

A. Warmth of homeland
B. Finiteness of graveyard
C. Inevitability of death
D. Understanding life in death

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Mahbub Ali in Kipling's 'Kim' tells Kim, ' Here begins the great game.' identify the option that offers the most relevant and clear interpretation of the statement.

A. It predicts the cold war between the West and Russia in the 20th century
B. It seeds the spy stories of le Carre around Kim [ Philby] where espionage was a [ deadly] game
C. It refers to the battler for supremacy in Asia between Britain and Russia is the 19th century
D. It hints at the battle between the races, in which Kim would ultimately become a ' chela'

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The tortuous initiation into modern life, mimicked sans philosophical over - or undertones, in an imaginary land, the partfeudal, part-modern setting of inchoate longing and vague dissatisfactions and intellectual impotence of the marginalised upper caste protagonists, and the confused inner life of a fragmented makeshift pre-colonial society that has yet to figure out its past of future are the concerns of this novelist, according to a critic. identify the novelist.

A. Mulk Raj Anand
B. RK Narayan
C. Raja Rao
D. Rabindranath Tagore

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Identify the correct opton. Mulk Raj Anand's Munoo in 'The Coolie' is essentially and ultimately a victim of different oppression in society compared to that which Bakha in 'The Untouchables', goes through in a day. What is the other crucial difference between the two characters, when all that is stated and on the surface is understood, that could be inferred?

A. Bakha can dream, Munno has to exist
B. Bakha suffers untouchability, Munoo is a victim of exploitation
C. Bakha can be redeemed by a leader, Munno's redemption is death
D. Bakha is a boy throughout the novel, Munoo grows into a man

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Identify the correct option. Which of the following authors below CANNOT be classified under ' Caribbeam Literature'?

A. Nadine Gordimer
B. CLR James
C. VS Naipaul
D. Derek Walcott

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Identify the correct option. 'The Road' by Soyinka depicts the Nigerian experiences during the middle of the twentieth century, and it reflects the roles played by drugs, criminals, corrupt policemen, and unscrupulous politicians. This line is from The Road' of Wole Soyinka : " May we never walk when the road waits, famished. " Explains the significance of this line.

A. The Professor's occupation promotes as personal quest for the meaning of death, which encounters him at the end of 'The Road'.
B. It is a prayer to Ogun, the God of the road (in Yorubha cosmology), and not simply the road itself that waits, hungry.
C. It is an adage that cautions against driving on the road and advocates walking on it, instead.
D. Soyinka's fascination with the predatory quality of the road. This beast of prey which lies in wait is "a monstrous man- eater: an inescapable doom."

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What makes women writers in Indian Writing in English stand out?

A. Women writers continue to define the borders of the community, class, and race
B. Women writers are more concerned with exploitation in the name of patriarchy and write form the victims' points of view
C. Women writers are barely directly affected by colonial oppression and colonialism
D. Women writers are sensitive to what Indian women have suffered under ' double colonisation' - patriarchal and colonial yokes simultaneously

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Who said this? Magic realism, at least as practiced by Marquez, is a developments out of Surrealism that expresses a genuinely " Third World" consciousness ---- He is not writing about Middle-earth, but about the one we all inhabit. Macondo exists. That is its magic.

A. Salman Rushdie
B. Vikram Seth
C. Edward Said
D. Homi Bhabha

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