Which of the following is the process of removal of permanent hardness of water?
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A.
Boiling of water
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B.
Filtration process
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C.
Lime treatment
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D.
Zeolite process
Correct Answer:
D. Zeolite process
Explanation:
Permanent hardness of water is caused by the presence of dissolved chlorides and sulfates of calcium and magnesium. Unlike temporary hardness, it cannot be removed by boiling. One effective method for treating permanent hardness is the Zeolite process, also known as the ion-exchange method. In this process, hard water is passed through a bed of zeolite (hydrated sodium aluminum silicate), where calcium and magnesium ions are exchanged for sodium ions, effectively softening the water. Other valid methods include the use of washing soda (sodium carbonate), Calgon's process, and reverse osmosis. Boiling and lime treatment are primarily used for removing temporary hardness.
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