The expression ∮dQ = ∮dW is valid when _______.
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A.
the first law of thermodynamics is applied to an open system in a flow process
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B.
the first law of thermodynamics is applied to a closed system for a cyclic process
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C.
the second law of thermodynamics is applied to a closed system for a cyclic process
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D.
the second law of thermodynamics is applied to an open system in a flow process
Correct Answer:
B. the first law of thermodynamics is applied to a closed system for a cyclic process
Explanation:
The mathematical expression ∮dQ = ∮dW represents the first law of thermodynamics specifically for a closed system undergoing a cyclic process. This principle states that the net heat transfer into the system is equal to the net work done by the system over a complete cycle. It is applicable to closed systems because there is no mass transfer across the boundary, and it pertains to cyclic processes because the change in internal energy is zero when the system returns to its initial state.
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