The basic structure doctrine was established by the Supreme Court in the case of:
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A.
Golaknath case
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B.
Kesavananda Bharati case
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C.
Minerva Mills case
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D.
Indira Gandhi case
Correct Answer:
B. Kesavananda Bharati case
Explanation:
The basic structure doctrine was established by the Supreme Court of India in the landmark Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala case in 1973. This historic 7-6 majority decision ruled that while Parliament has broad powers to amend the Constitution under Article 368, it cannot alter or destroy its essential features or basic foundation. These protected elements include principles such as the supremacy of the Constitution, the separation of powers, federalism, secularism, and democracy. The judgment serves as a vital judicial check, ensuring that constitutional amendments do not strip the document of its fundamental identity or violate the core rights and freedoms of its citizens. Although previously debated in cases like Golaknath, the Kesavananda Bharati ruling formally integrated this doctrine into Indian constitutional law.
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